<p>The James Watson House, at 7 State Street between Pearl and Water Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1793 and extended in 1806, and is now the rectory of the Shrine of St. Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton. It is located near the southern tip of Manhattan Island, across from Battery Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>James Watson was the first Speaker of the New York State Assembly and a Federalist member of the New York and United States Senates. He was a Yale University graduate who became a prosperous importer-exporter. Once part of a row of late-eighteenth-century mansions, the building recalls the time when New Yorks merchant families lived at Manhattans southern tip, near the river, in order to have an unobstructed harbor view and to be in close proximity to their shipping interests. At that time it was numbered 6 State Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1806 Watson sold the house to Moses Rogers and the address was changed to 7 State Street. Rogers was the brother-in-law of shipping magnate, Archibald Gracie, who built the spacious home on the northeast side of Manhattan that came to be known as Gracie Mansion. Moses Rogers combined his house with the residence next door which sat significantly back due to the curve of the street. In order to create a unified facade, a colonnaded portico was added, reportedly using masts from his fleet of merchant ships which he was converting to steam power. The architect of the eastern (original) half is unknown, but the western extension, next to the church, is attributed to John McComb, Jr.</p><br>
<p>With the exodus of wealthy families northward, the building housed the office of the Ithaca Line. The United States government took it over during the Civil War. Afterwards it became the headquarters of the Harbor&#39;s Pilot Commissioners.</p><br>
<h3>Immigrant services</h3><br>
<p>A bad harvest in Ireland in 1879, combined with Irish political turmoil, led to much emigration to America. Between 1856 and 1921, 3.6 million emigrants left Ireland for North America; a majority of them were women. For every eight Irishmen who left between 1871 and 1951, ten Irishwomen emigrated. Eighty-nine percent of those women were single and younger than twenty-four.</p><br>
<p>On a visit to Queenstown, the main port of embarkation, Charlotte Grace OBrien was appalled at the conditions faced by immigrant women, who encountered overcrowded, overpriced lodgings and robbery. In April 1882 she opened the 105-bed "OBrien Emigrants Home", a boarding-house for the reception and protection of girls on the point of emigrating. She also visited the ships for which her lodgers were destined, along with a medical officer. Finally, O&#39;Brien sailed to New York to investigate conditions upon arrival.</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Brien found little effort to provide food or drink or accommodation at the Castle Garden entry facility and illiterate young women being tricked into prostitution through spurious offers of employment. She contacted Archbishop John Ireland, who through his contacts with the Irish Catholic Association, arranged the establishment of an information bureau at Castle Garden. Ireland also contacted Cardinal John McCloskey, Archbishop of New York, about providing a chaplain specifically for immigrants arriving at Castle Garden.</p><br>
<h4>John J. Riordan</h4><br>
<p>The Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary for the Protection of Irish Immigrant Girls opened on January 1, 1884, with the appointment of Rev. John J. Riordan as the first chaplain at Castle Garden. Immigrant girls needing accommodation were placed in local boarding houses until May 1 when a Home for Immigrant Girls was opened at 7 Broadway. In 1885, the Watson House at 7 State Street was purchased from Isabella Wallace for the Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary to serve as a way station for young immigrant women.</p><br>
<h4>Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary</h4><br>
<p>John J. Riordan, chaplain at Castle Garden, was the first Director until his untimely death from pneumonia, at age thirty-six, on December 15, 1887. He was followed by the Rev. Hugh J. Kelly, as Director of the Mission, who in turn was succeeded by Rev. Michael Callaghan. In May 1890, a fair was held over three weeks, to raise funds to meet the mortgage, which was in danger of foreclosure. Frances Folsom Cleveland, who at that time was residing with her husband in New York City between Presidential terms, presided over a flower booth. In the sixteen years ending with July 1, 1899, 476,149 Irish people landed in New York, of which 249,995 were women, nearly all under forty years of age.</p><br>
<p>The Mission used its influence to persuade steamship lines to better safeguard their immigrant passengers. It guided those at landing who intended to proceed by rail or steamboat to another destination. It provided a home on State Street for 70,000 girls whose friends did not show up on the day of arrived, or who had no one expecting them, or who were unable to proceed on their journey. It attempted to locate relatives of those who had only an incomplete address, and examined the fitness of those claiming to be relatives and friends who called for the immigrant. It secured positions for over 12,000 young women, mostly in domestic services, for those ready to go to work. and it provided an on-site chapel for spiritual support.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a New York City Landmark in 1965, and in 1972 was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Vachel Lindsay House is a historic house museum at 603 South 5th Street in Springfield, Illinois. Built in 1848, it was the birthplace and lifelong home of poet Vachel Lindsay . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. The Illinois Historic Preservation Agency operates the house as a historic house museum and offers tours of the home that emphasize Vachel Lindsay&#39;s poetry and art. It is open seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Vachel Lindsay House is located near Springfield&#39;s downtown area, at the southwest corner of South 5th and East Edwards Streets. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a hip-roof single-story porch extending across the center three bays, with square posts and a dentillated cornice. The entrance is framed by a Greek Revival surround, but the doorway itself is a later Victorian feature. The first floor contains an entry hall, two parlors, library, dining room, kitchen, bathroom, and pantry. The second floor includes a central hall, sewing room, five bedrooms, bathroom, and trunk room. Rooms have been decorated in the late Victorian style, and included the bed in which Vachel Lindsay was born, a desk he built, and the table at which he did much of his writing.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Vachel Lindsay was born here in 1879, and at first sought to become an artist. He discovered a talent for poetry, and his first volume was published in 1913. "The Congo", was published in 1914, and brought him fame. His approach to poetry was unusual and distinctive for the time, using colloquial language, which he delivered in a sing-song chanting style during his public appearances.</p><br>
<p>Lindsay&#39;s house was sold to a non-profit foundation by his heirs, and opened as a house museum in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Elwood Lindsey House is an historic home located in Paoli Township, Orange County, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Elwood Lindley House was built on land granted in 1812 for Jonathan Lindley when he left North Carolina to settle in Orange County, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan was the grandfather of Thomas Elwood Lindley, and an influential Quaker. He served in the State Legislature at the Capitol in Corydon, Indiana. The property remained in the Lindley Family until it was deeded to the Orange County Historical Society in 1974 by the great-great-grandson, H. Carl Thompson and Dorothy Farlow Thompson. The house is restored to reflect the period 1850-1869 when it was used as a farm home. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>East Parish Burying Ground, also known as Centre Street Burying Ground or Centre Street Cemetery, is an historic cemetery located at Centre and Cotton streets in the village of Newton Corner in the city of Newton, Massachusetts. On December 23, 1983, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been called the "most important, the most evocative and also the most fragile historic site in the city."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>East Parish Cemetery dates from the 1660s when the term parish had both a political and religious connotation. The East Parish Church was First Church in Newton organized in 1664, which celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1964, but was dissolved in 1973 after failed attempts to merge with its two daughter churches, Second Church in Newton (West Parish) and Eliot Church. First Church&#39;s last church building at 1115 Centre Street in Newton Centre is now the Greek Evangelical Church of Boston.</p><br>
<h3>First Settlers Monument</h3><br>
<p>The First Settlers Monument was erected September 1, 1852, to commemorate the first settlers of East Parish and has inscriptions on its four sides as follows:</p><br>
<p>The north side inscription recounts that the first acre was given by Deacon John Jackson for the burial place and First Church, while his son Abraham Jackson gave the 2 acre that form the old part of the cemetery. Edward Jackson gave 20 acre in 1660 and another 31 acre in 1681.</p><br>
<p>The west side inscription lists 20 early settlers with the year each settled in Newton as well as the year of death. The earliest year of settlement is 1640 and the latest is 1664.</p><br>
<p>The south side inscription commemorates Thomas Wiswall, who was ordained ruling elder on July 20, 1664, and his four sons.</p><br>
<p>The east side inscription commemorates the Reverend John Eliot, Jr., first pastor of First Church in Newton, who was ordained July 20, 1664. It states also that his widow remarried, that his only daughter married, and that his only son went to Windsor, Connecticut and died leaving a son.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>East Parish Burying Ground fronts on Centre Street on the west and on Cotton Street on the south, but the actual corner of those two streets is occupied by city-owned Loring Park, a long, narrow tract of 13,200 ft&sup2, whose longest side fronts on Centre Street. East Parish burying ground is bordered on the north and east by lands of the Centre Street congregation of the Missionary Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. Across Centre Street is the campus of the former Newton College of the Sacred Heart, which is now owned by Boston College, which uses the campus for its Law School as well as to house freshmen. Cotton Street is the approximate boundary between Newton Corner to the north and Newton Centre to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>East Parish Burying Ground is owned today by the City of Newton, which lists it as Centre Street Cemetery with an area of 125,620 ft&sup2;. Historic Newton manages the preservation of the graves and tombs of Newton&#39;s City-owned historic burying grounds.</p><br>
<p>Lorenzo State Historic Site is a mansion built by Colonel John Lincklaen, founder of the village of Cazenovia, New York. Colonel Linklaen was the agent of the Holland Land Company upon whose recommendation the Company purchased the 135,000 acre tract of land where the village grew. The painted brick mansion, begun in 1807 and completed in 1809, overlooks Cazenovia Lake. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in July 1970. Located on the grounds is the separately listed Rippleton Schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>Grant Cottage State Historic Site is an Adirondack mountain cottage on the slope of Mount McGregor in the town of Moreau, New York. Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States, died of throat cancer at the cottage on July 23, 1885. The house was maintained as a shrine to USA Grant following his death by the Mount McGregor Memorial Association and a series of live-in caretakers. The building became a New York State Historic Site in 1957 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The Historic Site was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was originally owned by Joseph William Drexel, a New York banker and friend of Grant, and Grant would spend the last six weeks of his life there. Author and publisher Mark Twain gave Grant a $25,000 advance to write his memoirs; Grant completed the manuscript just three days before he died. During the next two years, sales of the work netted his family nearly $450,000 in royalties, saving his widow, Julia, from destitution. For decades after his death, thousands of Civil War veterans made a pilgrimage to this shrine outside Saratoga Springs. Thousands more visit Mt. McGregor annually to see the original artifacts preserved at this historic site.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can tour the historic house museum which has been furnished exactly as it was on the day Grant died. Some of the original floral arrangements from the funeral are on display, and the bed in which he died is shown in the parlor. Also in the parlor is the clock that was at the cottage, stopped at 8:08am by General Grants eldest son Frederick Dent Grant, who then reached over and touched his fathers forehead for the last time. A marker is located outside the cottage on the spot where Grant had his last look of the valley; it had to be fenced off to stop visitors from chipping off pieces as souvenirs. A visitor center and gift shop are also located there. A plaque is located a short distance away from the cottage and memorializes the fact that Grant died there. A New York historic marker is located a few yards from the cottage.</p><br>
<p>The Victorian hotel and resort that originally surrounded the cottage was lost to fire in 1897. The area surrounding the cottage later hosted a tuberculosis sanitarium, a veterans rest camp, a facility for the developmentally disabled and from 1976 through 2014 the now-closed Mount McGregor Correctional Facility, a New York State prison. After the closure of the correctional facility the Historic Site was expanded to 43 acres and is open to the public seasonally courtesy of.</p><br>
<p>The Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site is a state historic site in West Hills, New York, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The site preserves the birthplace of American poet Walt Whitman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Whitman familys connection to Long Island dates back to the early 17th century and their property once covered 500 acres. Walter Whitman Sr., father of the poet, built this farmhouse in West Hills near Huntington, New York in 1816. Whitman Sr. was a Quaker and a carpenter and he built the two-story, cedar-shingled farmhouse by hand. The future poet was born here three years later in 1819. The Whitman familys other three children were born here as well. When Walt Jr. was five years old, the family moved to Brooklyn.</p><br>
<p>Whitman worked at various times as a printer, a schoolteacher, a journalist, a volunteer nurse during the Civil War, and a newspaper publisher. He returned to Long Island at age 17 to teach at a local school and founded the Long Islander newspaper. He eventually authored a book of poetry, Leaves of Grass, which sold poorly when first published but has over time come to be considered a masterpiece of world literature. The museum&#39;s web site says:</p><br>
<p>Near the end of his life, he returned to the area and, as he reported, "rode around all the old familiar spots, viewing and pondering and dwelling long upon them, everything coming back to me from fifty years".</p><br>
<h2>Museum today</h2><br>
<p>The Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site & Interpretive Center is operated by the Walt Whitman Birthplace Association (WWBA), which was formed in 1949 to preserve the home. It was designated a New York State Historic Site in 1957 and in 1985 was added to both the New York State Register and National Register of Historic Places. It is run in collaboration with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. The site consists of three structures: The historic Birthplace which is maintained as the Museum, an interpretive center, and a gathering house used for exhibitions and meetings. The interpretive center includes displays of portraits, letters, and manuscripts and showcases Whitman&#39;s voice reading a few lines of his poem "America", originally recorded on an Edison wax cylinder.</p><br>
<p>The site offers guided tours, exhibits, an audio-visual show, events, a poet-in-residence program, and an annual poetry contest for local grade school students. The museum has nineteenth century furnishings, 130 Whitman portraits, original manuscripts and letters, artifacts, Whitmans voice on tape, and his schoolmasters desk.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open every day June 15 through Labor Day except for major holidays. In the winter it is open Wednesday through Sunday. There is a museum gift shop. Tours for school classes and other large groups may be arranged in advance.</p><br>
<p>The Senate House State Historic Site is located on Fair Street in Kingston, New York, United States. During the Revolutionary War, New York&#39;s First Constitutional Convention met in Kingston, where it adopted the first New York State Constitution on April 20th, 1777. Upon being elected, the first New York State Senate met in the home of local merchant Abraham Van Gaasbeek, which is today referred to as Senate House.</p><br>
<p>After roughly one month, the Senate, along with the rest of the new government was forced to flee from advancing British troops just prior to the Burning of Kingston on October 16th 1777. Since it was established as a State Historic Site in 1887, Senate House has served as a historic house museum. The site now includes a museum building in addition to the historic house, as well as a number of other contributing structures. It is currently it is owned and operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first building in Kingston listed. At that time it was a contributing property to the small Clinton Avenue Historic District. Four years later, in 1975, the original district was replaced with the larger Kingston Stockade District, which retained the Senate House and all the other properties of the original district.</p><br>
<p>The house first belonged to Wessel Wesselse Ten Broeck, born about 1636, who emigrated to New Amsterdam from Wessen, in Westphalia in 1659. It is generally described as having been built in 1676, but can be certainly dated to some time before his death in 1704. The ground floor of the house consists of three rooms, lined up along the street, with an entrance hallway between two of the rooms. As is typical of early Dutch houses in the Hudson Valley, the house is of stone, with the exception of the rear wall which is brick, laid in Flemish bond.</p><br>
<p>The Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy Site is a historic paleontological site in Haddonfield, Camden County, New Jersey. Now set in state-owned parkland, it is where the first relatively complete set of dinosaur bones were discovered in 1838, and then fully excavated by William Parker Foulke in 1858. The dinosaur was later named Hadrosaurus foulkii by Joseph Leidy. The site, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994, is now a small park known as "Hadrosaurus Park" and is accessed at the eastern end of Maple Avenue in northern Haddonfield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Parker Foulke, an attorney and amateur paleontologist affiliated with Philadelphias Academy of Natural Sciences, was vacationing in Haddonfield in 1858, when he was alerted to the discovery in 1838 of large bones on the farm of Joseph Hopkins. Hopkins and farm workers had been quarrying marl when they uncovered bones resembling vertebrae. Foulke proceeded to direct a careful excavation in the area surrounding Hopkins marl pit, turning the finds over to Dr. Joseph Leidy for analysis.</p><br>
<p>The site lingered in obscurity until 1984 when a local Boy Scout from Troop 65, Christopher Brees, as part of an Eagle Scout project researched the site and generated publicity, eventually leading to the species being designated the official dinosaur of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The South Burying Ground, also known as Winchester Street Cemetery, or Evergreen Cemetery, is an historic cemetery located on Winchester Street in the village of Newton Highlands, in the city of Newton, Massachusetts. Established in 1802, it is Newton&#39;s third cemetery. It has 357 recorded burials, dating between 1803 and 1938. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The South Burying Ground occupies a roughly rectangular 1.37 acre on the west side of Winchester Street, a short way south of Massachusetts Route 9 in Newton Highlands. The cemetery&#39;s primary topographical features are two knolls, which flank the main entrance. The street-facing front and parts of the sides of the cemetery are lined by a stone wall that is probably of 19th century origin. A chain link fence is mounted on the wall, and encircles the rest of the property. The main entrance is secured by a chain-link gate. The cemetery has no paved lanes, although early 20th century maps show a rectilinear grid of them.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was established as a private cemetery by local citizens in 1802, and was the first that was not associated with a parish. It has 357 recorded burials, among them eleven veterans of the American Revolutionary War and two from the American Civil War. The property was transferred to the city which continues to own and maintain it. Use of the cemetery declined after the large Newton Cemetery opened in 1855, and the last interment here was in 1938. The cemetery is normally locked and not open to public access.</p><br>
<p>Fontenelle Forest is a 1,500 acre forest, located in Bellevue, Nebraska. Its visitor features include hiking trails, a nature center, children&#39;s camps, a gift shop, and picnic facilities. The forest is listed as a National Natural Landmark and a National Historic District. The forest includes hardwood deciduous forest, extensive floodplain, loess hills, and marshlands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After settlement by Woodland culture Indians for a thousand years prior to the arrival of whites, the Lewis and Clark Expedition camped near or at the location of the forest on July 27, 1804.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Pilcher founded a trading post near Fontenelle Forests great marsh for the Missouri Fur Company in 1823. This was at the edge of the territory of the Omaha and Otoe peoples. The French-American trader Lucien Fontenelle, from New Orleans, later bought the post from Pilcher, and it became known as Fontenelles Post.</p><br>
<p>With the declining fur trade, he sold the post to the federal government in 1832, which used it to house the Bellevue Indian Agency. After Fontenelle&#39;s death in 1840, his oldest son Logan Fontenelle returned to Nebraska from school in St. Louis. Tri-lingual and of mixed race, the younger Fontenelle started working at age 15 as an interpreter for the US Indian agent at the Agency. His mother was the daughter of the Omaha principal chief, Big Elk; and he spoke Omaha, English and French.</p><br>
<p>The younger Fontenelle participated as interpreter in negotiations for the Omaha cession of land in its 1854 treaty with the United States, and many European Americans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries thought he was a chief. In 1919 the historian Melvin R. Gilmore wrote an article explaining the Omaha patrilineal gente system, which he believed prohibited Fontenelle as a chief because of his American father, as he was never adopted into the tribe. Because Fontenelle&#39;s father was a white man, the Omaha classified him as also white. Both father and son are buried in the forest, although the exact location is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Dr. A.A. Tyler and Dr. Harold Gifford, Sr. founded the Fontenelle Forest Association in 1913 with a mission to preserve the woodlands south of Omaha, Nebraska along the Missouri River. They bought their first preservation land in 1920. The association named the forest after Logan Fontenelle.</p><br>
<p>A small nature center was opened in 1966 for the popular educational hikes led by volunteers. In 2000, the Fontenelle Forest Association officially changed its name to Fontenelle Nature Association. In 2012, Fontenelle Nature Association changed its name back to Fontenelle Forest. Today, Fontenelle Forest keeps more than 2,000 acres of riparian forest, prairies, swamps, and other lands in preservation. The lands encompass one of the largest natural deciduous forests in Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Fontenelle Forest includes several facilities. The Katherine and Fred Buffett Forest Learning Center is the main building in the forest. Built in 2000, it has space for school programs, public education events and private events. Two miles from the Learning Center is the Gilbert and Martha Hitchcock Wetlands Learning Center. It offers educational spaces adjacent to the Gifford Memorial Boardwalk, a 3/8-mile path that leads to a two-story observation tower overlooking the Great Marsh, and was opened in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Fontenelle Forest also owns and operates Neale Woods, located north of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Situated along the Missouri River Valley flyway, Fontenelle Forest, the Audubon Society reports that "246 species have been recorded, among them 35 species of warblers." Birder’s World named the forest one of the top ten warbler viewing spots in the United States. Bird Watching magazine wrote that Fontenelle Forest is, "the single best place to see eastern birds near the western edge of their ranges and western birds near their eastern borders." It is the only place in Nebraska where red-shouldered hawks have nested, and one of the few known places in the state that support pileated woodpeckers. Other species of note seen in the forest include Kentucky, prothonotary, and cerulean warbler; wood thrush; grasshopper sparrow; and whip-poor-will.</p><br>
<h2>Fontenelle Forest bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Garabrandt, G.W. (1978) A history of land use in the oak-hickory woodland of Fontenelle Forest. University of Nebraska at Omaha.</p><br>
<p>Cà dZan is a Mediterranean revival residence in Sarasota, Florida, adjacent to Sarasota Bay. Cà dZan was built in the mid-1920s as the winter retreat of the American circus mogul, entrepreneur, and art collector John Ringling and his wife Mable Burton Ringling. The name Cà d&#39;Zan means "House of John" in the Venetian language; in Italian it would be "Casa di Giovanni".</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1926 by Owen Burns, Cà d&#39;Zan features an eclectic array of architectural styles including Venetian Gothic, Italian Renaissance, Moorish, and Spanish-inspired elements drawn from different historic periods. Mable and John Ringling had visited Venice, which inspired the Venetian Gothic influence in the house, prominently seen in a variety of architectural elements such as windows with Gothic arches and terra cotta ornament replicating Gothic tracery.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Mable and John Ringling first came to Sarasota in 1909 and purchased their waterfront estate in 1911 from Mary Louise and Charles N. Thompson, who owned Shell Beach in what is today Sarasota. The Ringlings wintered at "Palms Elysian", the existing residence on the property built in 1895 for the Thompsons, for more than a decade before they commissioned the architect, Dwight James Baum, to design a new winter residence.Construction of the new residence by Owen Burns began in 1924 and was completed in 1926. Soon after its completion, Cà dZan garnered national attention and was called "A Venetian Palace in Florida" when featured in Country Life magazine in 1927. As an expression of revivalist architecture, the array of decorative details that ornament Cà dZan&#39;s façade were drawn from different cultural and historical eras in European architecture.</p><br>
<p>With a total of fifty-six rooms, the Cà d&#39;Zan was meant to impress as a showplace for entertaining. Its first floor consists mainly of principal rooms for entertaining, including a reception room, lounging room, breakfast room, dining room, great hall, and ballroom.</p><br>
<p>The Ringlings hired Willy Pogany (American, born Hungary, 1882–1955), an artist and designer, to create murals for the elaborate interiors of the house. Pogany&#39;s most notable contribution was the series of 26 canvas paintings that adorn the gilded coffered ceiling of the ballroom that depict "Dancers of the different Nations". This unique ceiling mural reflects the broader trend in high-style American interior design for cosmopolitanism, where it was fashionable for wealthy patrons to commission themed decoration to showcase their cosmopolitan outlook.The ceiling mural portrays dancers from various cultures, including ancient cultures, a range of modern European folk dances, and non-Western cultures. The grandeur of the ballroom ceiling mural reveals the aspirations of the Ringling to impress guests with their knowledge of cultures from around the world. Some of the depictions of cultures are presently seen as imagined cultural stereotypes, though were seen as accurate at the time.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Pogany painted a ceiling mural for the third-floor playroom that depicts scenes from festivities surrounding Venetian Carnivale. This mural includes a fanciful portrait of Mable and John Ringling in festive attire and surrounded by a menagerie of pets, including their dogs and exotic birds. Another artist, Robert Webb Jr., was hired to paint decorative details throughout the home, including painting Italianate ornament on the ceiling in the dining room, floral and foliate ornament on the ceiling of the reception room, as well as colorful Venetian-inspired ornament on the pecky cypress ceiling in the great hall.</p><br>
<p>The Ringlings purchased many antiques and furnishings being disposed of at auctions of Gilded Age estates during a change in fashions among the very wealthy. As such, purchases of much of the ornate, revival style decor of Cà d&#39;Zan may be viewed as acquiring the trappings of wealth that had been fashionable during the cultural era that preceded their time. This reflected the consistent practice by John Ringling of purchasing such trappings at bargain prices while they were not fashionable. Mable planned and developed an extensive rose garden near the house. On the grounds, rare trees were installed or identified, and copies of sculptures from several eras were installed on the property.</p><br>
<p>After Mable Ringling died in 1929, John Ringling continued to visit Cà dZan through financial collapse, a quickly dissolved second marriage, and his declining health until his death in 1936. Cà dZan was part of John Ringlings bequest to the state of Florida, along with The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, which were meant to be a memorial to and the philanthropic legacy of the lives of Mable and John. The estate was in limbo for ten years, however, as it took much time to settle debts, claims by heirs, and taxes before the state of Florida could take control of the property. Cà dZan was uninhabited from 1936 to 1946, and the home deteriorated during that time with a lack of interior climate control. Cà d&#39;Zan opened to the public in 1946 as part of the State Art Museum of Florida.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the residence was listed as a contributing property to the Caples-Ringlings Estates Historic District, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. Other contributing properties in the district include the Ellen and Ralph Caples residence, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the Hester Ringling Lancaster Sandford residence, and the Edith and Charles Ringling residence. On April 18, 2012, the AIAs Florida Chapter placed Cà dZan, the Residence of John and Mable Ringling on its list, Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The 1998 film Great Expectations, directed by Alfonso Cuarón, had portions filmed at Cà dZan, which served as Ms. Dinsmoors house, Paradiso Perduto.</p><br>
<p>The polychrome architectural terra cotta that gives Cà dZan its distinctive façade was originally produced by O. W. Ketcham Terra Cotta Works, based in Crum Lynne, Pennsylvania. Over the years, elements of terra cotta have been reproduced, including sections made by O. W. Ketcham Terra Cotta in the 1950s. The residence is a rare survival and glamorous icon of the Florida Boom Years of the 1920s, for which John Ringling played a major role as a real estate developer in Sarasota. Cà dZan underwent a major restoration from 1996 to 2002 that cost $15 million. The swimming pool was restored in 2018 and is now a shallow reflecting pool. Historic preservation is ongoing to maintain the nearly 100-year-old home.</p><br>
<p>Much of this preservation work is needed to combat Floridas climate and weather events. In the summer of 2020, work was done on the West façade window glass and framing structures to prevent further intrusion of water into the mansion during storms. Moisture and salt had infiltrated the failed mortar in some of the terra cotta joints, threatening architectural stability and the integrity of some interior decorative features. The 1990s updates were shored up with better caulking and metal alloy in the frames. While glass planes were sent away for careful cleaning in this round of conservation work, curators believe there are no original window glass anywhere in the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Hurricanes and water spouts have frequently threatened this waterfront edifice. In September and October of 2024, Ca dZan took significant damage from Hurricanes Helene and Milton which hit within two weeks of each other. Eight feet of water flooded the basement where the buildings utilities are housed - including the main electric panels and the HVAC system that controls humidity and temperature in the historic building. The waterfront terrace suffered significant damage from two boats crashing into the support structures. Hurricane Miltons high winds brought roof and window leakage, especially over John Ringling&#39;s exercise room on the second floor and the spiral staircase by the kitchen. Staff acted quickly to prevent moisture damage for the 99-year old decoratively painted wood ceilings and plaster walls. An rented HVAC system was acquired and installed by the seawall north of the house with help from the museum’s FSU partners to address humidity and temperature control needs. The aging climate control system in the basement was due to be replaced in 2025, and plans were expedited to accomplish that. The mansion was closed to visitors indefinitely after Hurricane Helene in the last week of September, 2024.</p><br>
<p>Catoctin Furnace  is an historic iron forge located on Route 15 between Frederick and Thurmont in Catoctin Furnace, Maryland. Since it was closed in 1903, no forge has been at the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catoctin Furnace was constructed in 1774 by four brothers Thomas, Baker, Roger and James Johnson to produce pig iron from locally mined hematite.</p><br>
<p>Operated as a blast furnace by 1776, this foundry provided ammunition (cannonballs) for the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>Some sources state that it also provided cannons.</p><br>
<p>They also state that iron from this furnace was (much later) used to make plates for the</p><br>
<p>however that is considered unlikely by researchers. Slaves operated the furnace during this time. In 2023 a research project identified 41799 descendants of these slaves and is considering to notify them.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson brothers owned the furnaces at the site at first collectively,</p><br>
<p>and after 1793 singly, until 1811.</p><br>
<p>Ultimately, three furnaces were built at the site, each named for the site.</p><br>
<p>The first Catoctin Furnace was rebuilt a short distance away in 1787.</p><br>
<p>The second, named Isabella was built in the 1850s by Jacob Kunkel (references give dates from 1853 to 1867).</p><br>
<p>It still stands, within Cunningham Falls State Park.</p><br>
<p>The first two furnaces burned charcoal.</p><br>
<p>The third, which opened in 1873, burned coke (some sources say anthracite coal, though this would be more costly).</p><br>
<p>The entire complex closed in 1903 (attributed to rising costs and the too-late introduction of a rail link).</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The furnaces remains are located in Cunningham Falls State Park. A walking-tour handout is available in the parks visitor center.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, Inc. was formed by G. Eugene Anderson, Clement E. Gardiner, J. Franklin Mentzer, and Earl M. Shankle to “foster and promote the restoration of the Catoctin Furnace Historic District…and to maintain the same exclusively for educational and scientific purposes…to exhibit to coming generations our heritage of the past…” The Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, Inc., celebrates, studies, and preserves the rich history of this pre-revolutionary industrial village, including the architecture, cultural landscapes, lifeways, and foodways of the workers.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Sutherland House is located on Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States. It is the late-19th century Stick-Eastlake style home of Sutherland, a grandson of David Sutherland, whose Colonial-era house is located further south on the road.</p><br>
<p>Sutherland, a local lawyer of prominence, bought several acres of his ancestral lands from the then-owners, the Chedeayne estate, around 1875. Eleven years later, he built the house in a vernacular interpretation of the then-popular Stick style. After his death the following year, his wife remarried, and around the turn of the century the building was used as a rooming house.</p><br>
<p>It has remained largely intact since its construction, with some more contemporary outbuildings. Much of the interior woodwork and furnishings are originals. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Times Square Building, formerly the Times Building, is a registered landmark building in Seattle, Washington. It was completed in 1916 and housed editorial operations of the Seattle Times newspaper, which was housed there until 1930. Located at 414 Olive Way, it is entirely surrounded by streets: 4th Avenue, Olive Way, Stewart Street and 5th Avenue. The building has a Beaux-Arts design and flatiron shape. It is five stories high.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Seattle architects Bebb and Gould, the Times Square building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and was designated a city landmark in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Hudson-Meng Bison Bonebed site, officially named the Hudson-Meng Education and Research Center, is a fossil site located in the Oglala National Grassland of Sioux County, Nebraska 20 miles northwest of Crawford. It contains the 10,000-year-old remains of up to 600 bison.</p><br>
<p>Open seasonally, the site features a visitor center with interpretive exhibits and views of the bones. Guided tours are available.</p><br>
<p>The Bison Trail to Toadstool Geologic Park is a 3-mile hike.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bill Hudson and Albert Meng were local ranchers who are credited with discovering the bonebed in 1954 while digging for a pond. Originally excavated by Dr. Larry Agenbroad in the 1970s, the dig was over 400 square meters and was considered the largest Alberta Culture bison kill site ever discovered. The bison found are not the same species as the bison that currently live in the United States (Bison bison), but are an animal transitional in evolution between the extinct Bison antiquus and the modern species.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the site underwent another series of excavations by Drs. Larry Todd of Colorado State University and David Rapson of the University of Wyoming, who determined that the bison died of unknown natural causes and that the site was not in fact a kill site.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, PaleoCultural Research Group and the University of Colorado undertook excavations at the site. In 2006, the USFS made Dr. Mark Muñiz of St. Cloud State University the principal investigator for archeological research. The research since 2006 has uncovered an Eden component at the site in addition to the Alberta component.</p><br>
<p>The site was managed for two years by The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota under the supervision of the United States Forest Service. As of 2009, the site is managed by the US Forest Service out of Chadron, Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Jane Colter Buildings are four structures at Grand Canyon National Park designed by Mary Colter. Built between 1905 and 1932, the four buildings , Desert View Watchtower , Lookout Studio , and Hopi House ) are among the best examples of Colters work, and were influential in the development of an aesthetic for architecture to be used in Americas National Park System. As a set, they were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and significance</h2><br>
<p>Hopi House and the Lookout Studio are located in the Grand Canyon Village, a National Historic Landmark district comprising the core of the densest development in the park. Hermits Rest is located at the end of the paved road a few miles to the west of Grand Canyon Village. The Desert View Watchtower is the center of the Desert View visitor services area, about 12 mi to the east of Grand Canyon Village, and is itself encompassed by the Desert View Watchtower Historic District. All four buildings were originally built by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and were managed by the railroads concessionaire, the Fred Harvey Company.</p><br>
<p>Mary Colters designs were influenced in part by the many ancient ruins of the American Southwest, as exemplified in Hopi House and the Desert View Watchtower, both of which resulted from her study of existing structures and ruins. Hopi House is a modern take on a dwelling of the Hopi people, while the tower borrows architecturally from a variety of ruins. The towers interior also includes reproductions of rock art from a site that has since been destroyed. The Hermit&#39;s Rest and Lookout Studio, in contrast, were designed to fit organically into their surrounding landscape, a technique which would be adopted by other architects working on projects for the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Hopi House is located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in the USA state of Arizona. Built in 1904 as concessioner facilities at the South Rim were being developed, it is the first of eight projects at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect Mary Colter, along with Bright Angel Lodge, Hermit&#39;s Rest, Lookout Studio, Phantom Ranch, Desert View Watchtower, Colter Hall and Victor Hall, . Hopi House was built by the Fred Harvey Company as a market for Native American crafts, made by artisans on the site. The Hopi, as the historic inhabitants of the area, were chosen as the featured artisans, and the building was designed to closely resemble a traditional Hopi pueblo. Hopi House opened on January 1, 1905, two weeks before the El Tovar Hotel, located just to the west, was opened.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Mary Colter had worked on a number of projects for the Fred Harvey Company, principally as an architect and interior designer. She was particularly successful in a similar project, the Indian Building at the Fred Harvey Companys Alvarado Hotel (now demolished) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Colter planned Hopi House as a sort of living museum, in which Hopi Indians could live while making and selling traditional crafts. The structure was based on Colters interpretation of the Hopi dwelling at Oraibi, Arizona. A variety of interior spaces provide museum, sales and demonstration space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Hopi House is a stepped structure executed in sandstone of varying size, texture and coursing. The roof surfaces function as terraces in the same manner as traditional Hopi dwellings. Windows are small and sparse, with doorways on the same small scale. Interior walls are plastered with adobe, while ceilings are composed of saplings, twigs and grass covered with mud. Fireplaces are located in the corners of rooms. The old staircase to the second floor is decorated with murals by an unknown Hopi artist. The second floor houses a shrine, called a kiva, with Hopi religious artifacts. Floors on the second floor were made to look like adobe but were actually cement, which later in the 1930s the floor was laid with hard wood flooring. The third floor was used as an apartment for the building&#39;s former managers. It has since been updated and is now used as storage but a number of original features have been preserved. Most of the original furnishings in the main level, picked out by Colter, have been preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Hopi House is a component of the multi-site Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark, It was incorporated into the National Historic Landmark group on May 28, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Camden Expedition Sites is a national historic landmark consisting of nine nationally significant historic places in southwest Arkansas where events of the Union army&#39;s disastrous Camden Expedition of 1864 occurred during the American Civil War. The Union was attempting to take over Shreveport, Louisiana. Each of the sites are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a national historic landmark on April 19, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service (NPS) nomination refers to nine sites, yet only eight of them are listed by name. The nomination fully describes the eight sites. The Arkansas Historic Preservation Program website includes the "Old USA Arsenal" in Little Rock, where the expedition started, in the designation. The photos accompanying the NPS nomination include images of the arsenal as well as the other eight sites.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Camden Expedition of 1864 was part of a two-pronged strategy by the Union to drive Confederate resistance from southwestern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, and to penetrate into Confederate Texas. Major-General Frederick Steele led a Union force from Little Rock on March 23, 1864, with the objective of joining forces with Union Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks at Shreveport, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Confederate forces in Arkansas were directed from Washington, Arkansas, where the state Confederate government had relocated after the fall of Little Rock to the Union. Confederate Major-General Sterling Price ordered Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke to harry the Union column and to prevent it from crossing the Little Missouri River as it moved toward Washington. Advance Union forces established a beachhead on the south side of the Little Missouri on April 3, and clashed with Confederate defenders in the Battle of Elkins Ferry. The outnumbered Confederates were forced to withdraw. General Price established a defensive position, lightly fortified by earthworks, on the road between Elkins Ferry and Washington at the western edge of the sparsely populated Prairie d&#39;Âne, a roughly circular area of prairie surrounded by woodlands.</p><br>
<p>After waiting for the arrival of reinforcements, General Steele advanced on April 9, but was stopped in the Battle of Prairie DAne, a series of encounters that ended on April 12. Steele withdrew to Camden in order to resupply his army, which was then on half-rations. Price had stripped Camden of personnel in order to defend Washington, and the Union forces occupied the city facing no significant opposition. Operations to resupply the Union army at Camden were frustrated by the Battle of Poison Spring (April 18) and the Battle of Marks Mills (April 25). The latter battle was particularly devastating, as the Confederates captured most of the supply column, numbering some 1,400 troops and more than 200 supply wagons. Steele abandoned Camden and retreated toward Little Rock. The pursuing Confederate forces caught up with him at Jenkins&#39; Ferry, where they fought a largely indecisive but bloody battle on April 30.</p><br>
<h2>Camden Expedition sites</h2><br>
<p>The Camden Expedition sites are spread across seven Arkansas counties:</p><br>
<p>Old USA Arsenal, Little Rock, Pulaski County</p><br>
<p>Elkin&#39;s Ferry, vicinity of Prescott, Nevada & Clark counties</p><br>
<p>Prairie D&#39;Ane Battlefield, vicinity of Prescott, Nevada County</p><br>
<p>Confederate State Capitol, Washington, Hempstead County</p><br>
<p>Fort Southerland, Camden, Ouachita County</p><br>
<p>Fort Lookout, Camden, Ouachita County</p><br>
<p>Poison Springs Battlefield, vicinity of Chidester, Ouachita County</p><br>
<p>Marks&#39; Mills Battlefield, vicinity of New Edinburg, Cleveland County</p><br>
<p>Jenkins&#39; Ferry Battlefield, vicinity of Leola, Grant County</p><br>
<p>Fort Lookout, also known as Redoubt A, is a defensive earthworks erected during the American Civil War on the outskirts of Camden, Arkansas. It was the northernmost of a series of five redoubts built in defense of the city by Confederate Army forces in early 1864, preparatory to the Union Army&#39;s Camden Expedition . The site has been designated a National Historic Landmark as part of the Camden Expedition Sites, a collection of military sites related to the expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fort Lookout is a rectangular earthworks located on a bluff 50 ft overlooking a bend in the Ouachita River. Immediately west of the main works is an L-shaped redoubt which commands potential fording sites at the base of the bluff. Each of these sites was capable of mounting at least six guns of the period. The site is located about 1 mi west of United States Route 79, off Gravel Pit Road. The main earthworks has been partially compromised by the construction of a home near its midsection. The rest of the site has reverted to forest, and is otherwise in good condition. Remnant trenches lead away from the main works along the ridge to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brigadier General General Alexander T. Hawthorn, a Camden native, had been given the task of organizing the citys defenses. From January to March Confederate troops and slave labor worked to develop a series of five redoubts, mainly to protect the southern and western land-based approaches to the city. Union Major General Frederick Steele, in command of the forces occupying Little Rock, was ordered to move southwest to effect a junction with Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks Red River Campaign, a push to take Shreveport, Louisiana and eventually gain a Union foothold in Texas. Steeles force left Little Rock on March 23, 1864, passing through thinly-populated southwestern Arkansas. His advance was blunted at the Battle of Prairie DAne (April 9–13). Needing provisions, Steele ordered his forces to march on Camden, which they occupied on April 15 after it was abandoned by its small number of defenders. During the Unions brief (ten-day) occupation, the defenses were expanded with additional trenches and earthworks. Steele was prompted to reconsider the continued occupation of Camden after supply-related initiatives were set back at Poison Spring (April 18) and Marks Mills (April 25), and withdrew from Camden toward Little Rock on April 26.</p><br>
<p>Camden&#39;s defenses were further expanded after Confederate forces reoccupied the city. A weak point that was known to both sides, the waterfront area, was fortified in October 1864. By the end of the year a complete trench line encircled the city.</p><br>
<p>Marks Mills Battleground State Park is an Arkansas State Park located at the junction of Arkansas Highway 8 and Arkansas Highway 97, north of New Edinburg, Arkansas. It preserves a portion of the battlefield of the Battle of Marks Mills fought on April 25, 1864, in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of American Civil War. The battle was part of the Camden Expedition. The park is one of nine historic sites that make up the Camden Expedition Sites, a National Historic Landmark District. The battle was most known for the slaughter of black Union soldiers that were murdered as they tried to surrender.</p><br>
<h2>Description and administrative history</h2><br>
<p>The roadside park is shaped in an irregular four-sided shape at the junction of the two highways. It is dotted with picnic facilities shaded by pine and oak trees, and the area is in much the same condition of dense vegetative growth that the area was described as having in 1864. There are commemorative markers on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Marks Mills was between a column of Maj. Gen. Frederick Steeles Union Army, en route from Camden to Pine Bluff for supplies, and a Confederate force under the command of Maj. Gen. James F. Fagan that had taken up a defensive position at the road junction since the last sweep of Union reconnaissance in the area on April 21. The battle was a decisive victory for the Confederates, who captured 2,000 Union troops, four guns, and 240 empty supply wagons.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmark District designation was made in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Southerland, also known as Redoubt E and possibly Fort Diamond, is a redoubt built during the American Civil War to protect Camden, Arkansas. Confederate forces built it along with four other redoubts in early 1864 after a Union victory in the Little Rock campaign the previous year. Fort Southerland is about the size of a city block and is roughly oval. It could hold three cannons. When Union forces captured Camden in April 1864 during the Camden Expedition, they improved the defenses of the five redoubts, which were not sufficient for proper defense of the city. After the Confederates retook Camden later that month, they continued to improve the city&#39;s defenses.</p><br>
<p>The fort lies within Fort Southerland Park, a municipal park dedicated in 1974. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark. Along with Fort Lookout (Redoubt A), it is one of only two of the redoubts around Camden still in existence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1863, during the American Civil War, Union forces captured Little Rock, Arkansas. The defeated Confederates then withdrew to Camden, Arkansas, which was along the Ouachita River. Towards the end of the year, Confederate General E. Kirby Smith ordered a series of forts built around Camden, in hopes of deterring a Union assault. Brigadier General Alexander T. Hawthorn, a pre-war resident of the area, was tasked with planning the defenses, although he lacked experience in military engineering. Slave labor and hundreds of soldiers were used to build the positions. In all, between January and April 1864, five positions were constructed. They are generally referred to as forts, but, according to historian William L. Shea, are more accurately termed redoubts due to their smaller size.</p><br>
<p>One of these redoubts was Redoubt E. It has been known by the name of Fort Southerland, although Shea states that the accuracy of this identification is questionable, and historian Mark K. Christ notes that local sources suggest that Redoubt D was known as Fort Southerland and Redoubt E&#39;s true name was Fort Diamond. Redoubt E was constructed south of Camden and was intended to guard against a Union crossing of the Ouachita from south of town, although this possibility was considered to be unlikely. The position covered the Bradley Ferry Road, which connected Camden with Confederate-occupied Monticello and Warren. It was more than 1 mile southeast of the other redoubts, and was constructed on a hilltop in what Shea refers to as "splendid isolation". Made of earth, it is roughly 2,000 x in size and about the size of a city block. It could hold three cannons, although the other four redoubts could emplace more. The position was also defended by a ditch. The area was mostly cleared of trees during the 1864 periods of work, but as of 1993 there were several trees at the site, which contributed to erosion prevention.</p><br>
<h3>Camden Expedition</h3><br>
<p>In early 1864, Union Major General Frederick Steele learned about the Confederate fortifications at Camden, and when beginning the Camden Expedition in March decided to veer to the west and move through Arkadelphia instead to avoid the positions at Camden. Steele had intentions of attacking the Confederate-held city of Shreveport, Louisiana. To respond to the Union offensive, Confederate Major General Sterling Price moved his troops out of Camden to confront Steele. After the Battle of Prairie DAne, Steele decided that supply problems would prevent him from taking Shreveport, and decided to capture Camden instead; his men reached it on April 15. The citys defenses were not occupied at this time, as Price had moved his men towards Washington, where both he and Smith expected the Union attack to strike. Upon reaching Camden, the Union troops found that the Confederate positions were not particularly strong: the five redoubts were too small, too far apart, and were not connected by trenches. In places, the field of fire of the positions was limited by incomplete clearing and enemy troops could advance under the cover of forests.</p><br>
<p>While Steeles command occupied Camden, Union supply trains were captured in the battles of Poison Spring and Marks Mills, and Confederate forces feinted against Camden. Steele decided that the defenses of Camden needed improvements and, beginning on April 23, had his men construct trenches and rifle pits. The Union forces withdrew on April 26, as they were running out of food and Steele had learned that the Red River campaign had ended in a Union defeat. The Confederates re-occupied Camden and did further work on the fortifications, including building the Camden Water Battery. A line of trenches connecting the redoubts was completed in late 1864. The post-occupation Confederate work may have been done simply to keep idle troops busy.</p><br>
<h3>Postwar</h3><br>
<p>The remains of three of the redoubts were obliterated in the postwar period. One was covered over by urban development in the early 1900s, another is now a cemetery, and the rough site of one has been the location of a water tower since before 1982. The fourth, Redoubt A, also known as Fort Lookout, was partially destroyed in the 1960s when a house was built on it. Part of the line of trenches survived into the early 1970s. Redoubt E was well south of the city when it was constructed, but Camden&#39;s growth expanded towards the north and west sides of the site. Fort Southerland Park, a 5.5 acre municipal park containing the remains of the fort, was dedicated in 1974. A 1987 request to add Fort Southerland Park to the Arkansas state park system was not acted on, lack of funds and manpower to take on new units and the small size of the park being reasons for the refusal.</p><br>
<p>Both Fort Southerland and Fort Lookout were part of the National Historic Landmark (NHL) multiple listing nomination for the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark in 1993. Fort Southerland itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as part of the Camden Expedition Sites NHL on April 19, 1994. Describing the destruction of much of the earthworks at Camden and other points in Arkansas, Shea finds it "sad to note how little has survived". Christ considers that Fort Southerland and the remains of Fort Lookout are "remarkably well-preserved". The NHL nomination form describes Fort Southerland as having "excellent integrity of setting, feeling, association, and location" and that it "represents an excellent preserved example of urban Civil War defensive earthworks". As part of the park, the site is publicly accessible and is marked with interpretative signage. Picnic areas have been developed there.</p><br>
<p>The Prairie DAne Battlefield, also known as Prairie DAnn Battlefield or Prairie De Ann Battlefield in anglicized forms, was the site of the Civil War Battle of Prairie DAne, one of the engagements in southwestern Arkansas of the Unions Camden Expedition of 1864. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and, with other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark. It was declared part of the National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>In February 2018 the Nevada County Depot and Museum announced it was deeded an 800-acre tract of this battlefield, which it will improve for heritage tourism. The Civil War Trust, a division of the American Battlefield Trust, acquired the acreage. Note: The Trust&#39;s website shows the parcel as 811 acres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1864 Camden Expedition was part of a two-pronged strategy by the Union Army to drive Confederate resistance out of southwestern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, and penetrated into Confederate Texas. Union Major General Frederick Steele led a Union force from Little Rock on March 23, 1864, with the objective of joining forces with Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks at Shreveport, Louisiana. Confederate forces in Arkansas were directed from Washington, where the Confederate government of the state relocated after the fall of Little Rock. Confederate Major General Sterling Price ordered Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke to harry the Union column and to prevent it from crossing the Little Missouri River as it moved toward Washington. Advance Union forces established a beachhead on the south side of the Little Missouri on April 3, and clashed with Confederate defenders in the Battle of Elkins Ferry. The outnumbered Confederates were forced to withdraw, and General Price established a defensive position, lightly fortified by earthworks, on the road between Elkins Ferry and Washington at the western edge of the sparsely-populated Prairie d&#39;Ane, a roughly circular area of prairie surrounded by woodlands. General Steele delayed his advance toward Washington until April 9, awaiting the arrival of addition troops from Fort Smith.</p><br>
<p>The leading edge of Steeles force began skirmishing with Prices force on April 10, and both sides brought up reinforcements, but the Union advance was halted by fighting that lasted into the night. The next day Union forces advance across the prairie in a battle line in the afternoon, but the lateness of the march meant no general engagement took place, and the Union forces ended up returning to their camps. That night Price withdrew most of his force further down the Washington road, leaving a small guard in the entrenchments on the prairie. The Union again advanced on the 12th, prompting this rearguard to also withdraw, with Union cavalry giving chase for a time. At this point, Steele, whose forces were on half-rations, decided it was necessary to resupply his army. Instead of advancing further toward Washington, he turned toward Camden, a Confederate-held town whose defenses Price had stripped to defend Washington. Price advanced troops in pursuit of the Union army, engaging them in a rearguard skirmish near the hamlet of Moscow (now part of Prescott). Due to difficulties resupplying is force while in Camden, Steele ended up withdrawing all the way back to Little Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield</h2><br>
<p>The main battle took place over an area estimated to cover some 5,000 acre in and around where the city of Prescott later developed after being established in 1873. Much of this area has been cultivated for agriculture, and remains lightly developed. The only major intrusion constructed since the battle is a corridor containing railroad tracks and Interstate 30. The Moscow area, where the rearguard action took place, is relatively unaltered, with some development taking place outside the known bounds of the battle area. The Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery, a site which existed at the time of the battle, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. (The current church is a 20th-century structure.) A land area of more than 2,600 acre was designated in 1994 as part of the Camden Expedition Sites, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>In February 2018, the Nevada County Depot and Museum announced acquisition of an 800-acre tract of the battlefield and planned a celebration to accept the deed. It had conducted fundraising and was aided by a grant from the American Battlefield Protection Program of the National Park Service. The American Battlefield Trust, Americas largest non-profit battlefield organization, purchased the property and deeded it to the museum. (The Trust lists the parcel as containing 811 acres). The site will be prepared as a heritage tourism destination; the interpretive plan will include 412 acres of the nearby Elkins Ferry Battlefield.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate State Capitol building in Washington, Arkansas was the capital of the Confederate state government of Arkansas, during 1863–1865, after Little Rock, Arkansas fell to Union forces in the American Civil War. It is located within Historic Washington State Park, and is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The capitol building is a two-story wood-frame structure, about 44 ft wide and 34 ft deep, resting on a brick foundation. It is topped by a hip roof covered in cedar shakes. Each of the two floors is dominated by a large chamber; that on the ground floor originally served as a courtroom, while that on the upper floor was used by local Masonic societies. The original front entrance is sheltered by a single-story portico with a triangular pediment with Greek Revival styling. There are chimneys on the two sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1836, and was Hempstead County&#39;s second courthouse, replacing an 1824 log structure. The building served as the county court until 1874, when a new brick building was constructed. After the fall of Little Rock to Union Army forces in September 1863, during the American Civil War, Governor Harris Flanagin ordered the seat of government relocated to Washington. The Confederate state government would remain in this building until the end of the war in 1865.</p><br>
<p>After the court functions moved out in 1874, the building was repurposed for use as a school, a role it fulfilled until 1914. It thereafter served as a private residence until 1928, when it was acquired by the state through the efforts of the local United Daughters of the Confederacy chapter. It is now part of Historic Washington State Park.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and, with other sites, was designated part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark District in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Museum for East Texas Culture is a museum in Reagan Park in Palestine, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1915 as Palestine High School. It opened in 1916 and graduated its first class in 1917. In 1939 it became a junior high school, and was named the Reagan School, after John H. Reagan, in 1955. It became an elementary school in 1966 and closed in 1976. It opened as the current museum in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as "Palestine High School" in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Baptist Church is a historic church building at the corner of York and Columbia Streets in Helena, Arkansas. It is significant for its association with Elias Camp Morris , who was the pastor of the church from 1879 and who was a driving force in the establishment of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. Morris served as the conventions president from 1895 until his death, and his church served functionally as the organizations headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The church was severely damaged by high winds on April 12, 2020 in the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The present church building was designed by Henry James Price, a parishioner of the church, and built in 1895. It is a Gothic Revival structure executed in brick, with its main (western) facade consisting of a pair of towers flanking a large central gable. The main entrances, one in each tower, are in Gothic arched openings, and the first level under the main gable consists of three bays of tripled Gothic lancet windows, separated by buttresses. A round-arch window in the gable is topped at the gable point by an oculus. The roofline of the gable is decorated by corbelled brickwork resembling vergeboard.</p><br>
<p>Elias Camp Morris assumed the pastorship of the Centennial Church in 1879, then a new congregation. He quickly rose in prominence in Baptist circles, leading the Arkansas Negro Baptist Convention and chairing the board of trustees of Arkansas Baptist College, founded in 1884. He also established a publication, the Baptist Vanguard, in 1882, which became a model for other publications. The National Baptist Convention was formed in the 1886 by the merger of three African-American Baptist church organizations. This body only achieved a united focus in 1895, at a meeting in which Morris was elected its president. The convention was the largest deliberative body of African-Americans in the nation at the time. Morris was also politically active in Republican Party circles, attending national conventions as a delegate.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Baptist Church served as Morris&#39; home base for all of his activities, and grew substantially under his leadership. It is the only building associated with his productive life that is still standing.</p><br>
<h3>2020 damage</h3><br>
<p>The Centennial Baptist Church was heavily damaged by high winds on April 12, 2020. Helena mayor Kevin Smith described the condition of the church as "a bombed-out World War II ruin." The storm, part of the 2020 Easter tornado outbreak, also destroyed two other nearby historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Park is a neighborhood south of the Historic Downtown of Wilmington, in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. It was designated a national historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"Sunset Park," a name submitted by Montrose Bain, circulation editor of the Wilmington Star, was the winning entry for a new 600 acre development just 3 mi south of downtown Wilmington along the Federal Point Road (Carolina Beach Road). The prize for his submission was $10.00.</p><br>
<p>The Fidelity Trust & Development Company purchased the 600 acre tract on March 9, 1912. The original owner, T.F. Boyd of Hamlet, North Carolina, sold the land for $35,000.00. The Opening Sale of lots in Sunset Park to the public was originally Monday, September 16, 1912. The date was later postponed to Monday, October 7, 1912.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Park was envisioned by the Fidelity Development & Investment Company as a high-class, planned community with views overlooking the Cape Fear River and picturesque Greenfield Lake. All the city conveniences and modern improvements would be guaranteed by FD&I. Street car service, electric lights, gas, sewers, sidewalks and tree-lined Macadam type roadways and plazas just to name a few. The neighborhood is said to be modeled after that of Ansley Park and Westland Estates in Atlanta, Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>Poem</h2><br>
<p>In the October 5, 1912 edition of The Evening Dispatch was a pen drawing bird&#39;s eye view over Sunset Park along with a poem singing its praises.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the placid waters/Of Greenfield&#39;s lovely lake,</p><br>
<p>There lies as fair a region/As skillful hands can make.</p><br>
<p>It reaches to the Dram Tree,/Made famous long ago</p><br>
<p>And many mounds and batt&#39;ries/Its history will show.</p><br>
<p>Regardless of the prices/It costs to reach the mark,</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll beautify the landscape/Of lovely Sunset Park.</p><br>
<p>With granolithic side-walks,/And streets macadamized,</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll leave all other places/Neglected and despised.</p><br>
<p>Each man who owns a cottage,/That he can call his own,</p><br>
<p>Will be a little Monarch/That no one can dethrone.</p><br>
<p>Each lot will have its sewers,/To take the filth away</p><br>
<p>And water-mains to furnish/The folks who come to stay.</p><br>
<p>The sun will shine in daylight,/Electric lights at dark</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll have a Fairy City/At lovely Sunset Park.</p><br>
<p>To each prospective buyer/We&#39;ll offer terms to please,</p><br>
<p>So that every one may purchase/A home with perfect ease.</p><br>
<p>No painter can portray it,/His brush would be too dark,</p><br>
<p>To give the glowing colors/of lovely SUNSET PARK.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture in Sunset Park</h2><br>
<p>The majority of resources were built from the 1910s to the 1960s and incorporate Queen Anne, Bungalow/American Craftsman, Tudorbethan, Colonial Revival, Cape Cod (house), Ranch-style house, and Commercial building styles of architecture. The earliest houses are scattered along Northern and Central boulevards; 1940 to 1950s Cape Cod and Ranch houses line the cross streets. Architecturally, the earliest designs are Queen Anne style, dating to the early 1910s. The two-story dwellings have hipped or gabled roofs, wraparound porches, corner towers, bay windows, projecting wings, wood or simulated siding, shingles, decorative brickwork, and a wide range of window types.</p><br>
<p>A large number of homes were built from 1940 to 1943 when the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company expanded its facilities on land intended for Sunset Park homes along the eastern edge of the Cape Fear River.</p><br>
<p>The movie Blue Velvet had scenes filmed in Sunset Park including the house of Detective John Williams (George Dickerson). Season 9 of Matlock (TV series) had scenes filmed in Sunset Park including Benjamin L. "Ben" Matlock&#39;s (Andy Griffith) house.</p><br>
<p>The Daisy Bates House is a historic house at 1207 West 28th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. It is significant as the home of Arkansas NAACP president Daisy Bates, and for its use as a command post for those working to desegregate the Little Rock Central High School during the desegregation crisis of 1957–1958. It was a sanctuary for the nine students involved.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Daisy Bates House is set in a mid-20th-century residential area south of downtown Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a typical 1950s ranch house, one story in height, measuring about 39 ft by 51 ft. It has a wood-frame structure, with its exterior finished in brick veneer. It is topped by a hip roof with broad eaves, which also shelters a carport on the north and west side of the house. The foundation and the carport deck are poured concrete.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation, facing north, has two picture windows with sidelights. The main entrance to the living room is located in the carport, as is a secondary entrance to the kitchen. The main floor has a typical ranch plan, with a public area consisting of living room, dining room, and kitchen, with a hallway leading to two bedrooms. There are two bathrooms. The basement is partially finished, housing a recreation room and half-bath in addition to the house&#39;s mechanical systems. The attic is finished and is accessible via pulldown stairs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Daisy Lee Gatson Bates (1914–99) was elected president of the Arkansas chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1952, and had established the Arkansas State Press to advance the civil rights of African Americans in Arkansas. In 1955 she and her husband, Lucius Christopher Bates, purchased the newly built house at 1207 West 28th Street.</p><br>
<p>In response to the 1954 landmark Brown v. Board of Education by the United States Supreme Court, mandating the integration of public schools nationwide, Little Rocks Superintendent of Schools Virgil Blossom in 1955 published the citys plan for integrating the citys schools. The NAACP filed suit in 1956 because the plan did not specify a detailed implementation timetable, bringing Mrs. Bates wide local notice. Pursuant to the Blossom Plan, the NAACP selected nine students to enroll in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, the first of the citys schools to be integrated. On August 27, 1957, a rock was thrown through the Bates&#39; front window, with a note attached reading "STONE THIS TIME. DYNAMITE NEXT TIME".</p><br>
<p>The date for the students&#39; enrollment at the school was September 4 and the days leading up to it were attended by an increase in racial tension and legal actions intended to delay the integration. On September 2, Governor Orval Faubus called out the Arkansas National Guard, intending to use it to prevent the students from enrolling. Mrs. Bates acted as an intermediary between the nine students and the school board, attending a school board meeting on behalf of the students on September 3. She then arranged for the students to be escorted by a group of ministers, both white and African-American, to the school the next morning. The students were turned back by the National Guard, surrounded by a hostile crowd of whites.</p><br>
<p>This action garnered worldwide press attention, and the Bates house became the focus of reporters seeking the "black perspective" on the events. One student Elizabeth Eckford, whose image in the crowd was particularly notable, spent the night at the Bates house, for which security had been arranged. After further court action, September 23 was set as the new date for the students to enroll. The students and their parents met at the Bates House on that morning and traveled to the school, where amid a hostile crowd of more than 1,000, they were once again unable to enroll despite police protection and were returned to the Bates house.</p><br>
<p>In response to this action and ongoing threats of violence, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally federalized the Arkansas National Guard, and sent a detachment of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to enforce the integration orders. On the morning of September 25, the students again assembled at the Bates house, and were escorted to the school by members of the 101st Airborne and formally enrolled. That day, as well as repeatedly through the school year, the nine met at the Bates house to discuss their treatment at the school and how best to respond to it. The house continued to receive formal police protection as well as informal security organized by Mr. Bates. Despite this, crosses were burned twice in the yard, and shots were fired through the windows from passing vehicles. Mrs. Bates was hanged in effigy in Ouachita County in July 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Little Rock School Board was able to defer integration by closing all of its high schools for the 1958–59 academic year. The Bates house was the target of an incendiary bomb not long after this closure went into effect. The schools were reopened in 1959, once again with a small number of African-American students, and the Bates house again served as meeting point for them.</p><br>
<p>Atkins High School located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina, was dedicated on April 2, 1931, as a facility for African American students. The building, equipment and grounds were valued at that time at $400,000. This was paid primarily by the city, with a grant of $50,000 from the Rosenwald Fund.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Simon Green Atkins came to Winston-Salem from Raleigh, North Carolina, where he graduated from St. Augustine Normal and Collegiate Institute (now St. Augustines College). In 1890, he accepted the position of principal of Depot Street School in Winston-Salem. Dr. Atkins was the organizer, secretary, and agent of the board that started Slater Industrial Academy in 1892, now Winston–Salem State University. Dr. Atkins served as principal of Slater on a part-time basis for the first two years of its existence, while he continued his work as principal of Depot Street School. As Slater Industrial Academy grew, the demands upon Dr. Atkins leadership and direction increased. In 1895, he resigned his position at Depot Street School to devote himself entirely to Slater Academy.</p><br>
<p>Julius Rosenwald was a president of Sears Roebuck who was noted for supporting black schools throughout the south. The first principal was John Carter, who had previously been a professor at Winston-Salem Teacher&#39;s College. He continued as principal until 1959. The school curriculum included both an academic track for those students intending to go on to college, and a vocational track for those intending to start work immediately. Atkins served as a high school until 1971, when it then converted into a junior high school.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Atkins name was transferred to the Simon G. Atkins Academic & Technology High School in September 2005, which opened at a different school building. The site of the former Atkins High School is now the Winston-Salem Preparatory Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Hubbard Alexander college football and NFL coach</p><br>
<p>Hannah Atkins member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1968 to 1980, and the first African-American woman elected to it</p><br>
<p>William Bell served as mayor of Durham, North Carolina</p><br>
<p>Carl Eller NFL defensive end, member of Pro Football Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>Herman Gilliam NBA player</p><br>
<p>Happy Hairston NBA player</p><br>
<p>Ike Hill NFL defensive back</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Joel United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Willie Porter professional basketball player</p><br>
<p>Togo D. West, Jr. American attorney and public official</p><br>
<p>Nadine Winter community activist and Democratic politician in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Larry W. Womble member of the North Carolina General Assembly</p><br>
<p>The Eaker site  is an archaeological site on Eaker Air Force Base near Blytheville, Arkansas, that was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996. The site is the largest and most intact Late Mississippian Nodena phase village site within the Central Mississippi Valley, with archaeological evidence indicating a palisaded village some 50 acre in size, with hundreds of structures. The site&#39;s major period of occupation was 1350–1450 CE, although evidence of occupation dates back to 600 CE. The site is also hypothesized to have been occupied by the Quapaw prior to a migration further south, after which they made contact with Europeans in the late 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description and archaeological history</h2><br>
<p>The Eaker site is located in northeastern Arkansas, overlooking Pemiscot Bayou, a tributary of the St. Francis River. It is an area that saw little development before 1900, when agricultural endeavors resulted in the drainage of local swamps. The property was acquired by the United States Air Force in 1942, and has been part of Eaker Air Force Base since then.</p><br>
<p>The site was first recorded in 1973, although its location was incorrectly given, and was not corrected until 1978, when an amateur archaeologist collected samples from the site. Preliminary surveys were made in 1980 and 1982 by state archaeologists, and in 1988 a full investigation established the boundaries of the 80 acre site. This work yielded more than 100 projectile points and over 2,000 pottery fragments. A portion of the site has since been surveyed using a magnetometer, identifying a significant number of subsurface features of interest, including as many as 400 house sites. Excavations have yielded evidence of refuse middens, houses, toolmaking workshops, and human remains.</p><br>
<p>The most significant damage to the site took place shortly after the Air Force occupation in 1942, when a portion of a platform mound was apparently used as fill for one of the airfield runways. A mound-like feature in the northeast of the site is believed to represent the surviving element of this structure.</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>According to the archaeological finds, the site appears to have been occupied several times between about 600 CE and 1500 CE. The pottery finds are similar in distribution to those found at the Nodena site, and the Nodena period (1350–1450 CE) is when this site appears to have been occupied to its greatest extent. This occupation included a large village, occupying about 50 acre of the site, which was surrounded by a wooden palisade and ditch. The southern 30 acre have evidence of Late Woodland Period occupation.</p><br>
<p>The site is significant for its size, which should enable archaeologists to uncover substantial evidence about the society which occupied it, including information such as social stratification (as indicated by differing burial practices, and the arrangement of structures in the village), and trading patterns with surrounding communities. It may also yield valuable information about agricultural practices, given its location in a place favorable for such uses.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Taylor Robinson House is a historic house at 2122 Broadway in Little Rock, Arkansas. Built in 1904 for a wealthy lumber merchant, it was the home of Arkansas governor and United States Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson between 1930 and 1937, the period of his greatest influence. Robinson  served as Senate Majority Leader from 1933 to 1937, and was instrumental in the passage of New Deal legislation during the Hundred Days Congress which followed the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President of the United States. Roosevelt was a guest of Robinson&#39;s at this house in 1936. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Robinson house is a -story wood-frame structure resting on a foundation of granite and brick. The exterior is sheathed in clapboards, and the roof is steeply pitched with a complex and irregular plan. There are four chimneys, two of brick and two of granite and brick. The main (east-facing) facade consists of a full-width porch supported by three square granite posts, above which are two pairs of sash windows, topped by a pair of gable ends, each with two small square windows. The gable ends are finished in stucco with decorative half-timbering. The porch is decorated with flattened Tudor-style arches and ornamental brackets, and shelters the main entrance, which is under the right gable, and paired windows under the left gable.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation has a porch stylistically similar to that on the main facade, but smaller. Above it is a fully enclosed sleeping porch, and there is a gable dormer projecting from the roof. The west (rear) elevation has two small porches, and the north elevation has a dormer matching that on the south side.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a wealth of high-quality woodwork, made using some of the choicest and most unusual cuts available at the time. The sliding door between the living and dining rooms is made of burled pine, and the entrance columns to the living room were supposedly fashioned from tree trunks.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the house, the property includes a carriage house built using the same methods as the house. The yard is enclosed by an iron fence on the south and east sides, and a rock wall on the north and west sides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Frank W Gibb and purchased by Joseph Taylor Robinson, who had been a United States Senator since 1913. Robinson would live in this house until his death in 1937, and then his widow until her death in 1958. The house remained in the Robinson family until 1972, and was later used as a facility for housing cancer patients receiving treatment at Little Rock facilities. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994, in recognition for its association with Robinson during his period of greatest influence in national politics. It is the best-preserved of the two surviving houses Robinson owned.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Taylor Robinson (1872-1937) was born in Lonoke, Arkansas, and attended the University of Arkansas and the University of Virginia Law School, both without graduating. He was admitted to the Arkansas Bar in 1895 and quickly distinguished himself. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 as a Democrat, and served five terms before winning election as Governor of Arkansas. He served 55 days as governor, winning legislative appointment to the United States Senate in early 1913 after the previous appointee, Jefferson Davis, died.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Robinson was elected Senate Minority Leader, and in 1928 he won the Democratic nomination for Vice President, on the ticket with Alfred E. Smith. The 1928 election, won by Herbert Hoover, put Robinson in the national spotlight. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt won election in 1932, Democrats also gained control of the Senate, and Robinson became Majority Leader. In this position he was a legislative lieutenant for Roosevelt&#39;s New Deal agenda, shepherding a number of important bills through the Senate. The only bill to bear his name is the Robinson-Patman Act, which forbade manufacturers from giving rebates to large retailers.</p><br>
<p>Robinson was apparently considered for a Cabinet position by Roosevelt, but the president apparently concluded Robinson had more value in the legislative arena. Robinson is known to have hosted Roosevelt at his Little Rock home only once, on June 10, 1936.</p><br>
<p>Parkin Archeological State Park, also known as Parkin Indian Mound, is an archeological site and state park in Parkin, Cross County, Arkansas. Around 1350&ndash;1650 CE an aboriginal palisaded village existed at the site, at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers. Artifacts from this site are on display at the site museum. The Parkin site is the type site for the Parkin phase, an expression of the Mississippian culture from the Late Mississippian period. Many archeologists believe it to be part of the province of Casqui, documented as visited by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1542. Archeological artifacts from the village of the Parkin people are dated to 1400&ndash;1650 CE.</p><br>
<p>The Parkin site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its significance as a type site of the Parkin phase. In 1966, the Parkin Indian Mound was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Parkin Archeological State Park is located at 60 Arkansas Highway 184 North, Parkin, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Culture of the Parkin phase</h2><br>
<p>The Parkin site is the type site for an important Late Mississippian cultural component, the Parkin phase, which dates from about 1400&ndash;1700 CE. The Parkin phase was a collection of villages along the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers. This culture is contemporary with the Caborn-Welborn culture and Menard, Tipton, Walls and the Nodena phases. It has been determined that the site was continuously occupied for at least 500 years.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1540s, the Spanish Hernando de Soto expedition is believed to have visited several sites in the Parkin phase, which is usually identified as the Province of Casqui, with the Nodena phase being identified as the province of Pacaha.</p><br>
<p>The province was named by the De Soto Expedition for the chieftain Casqui, who ruled the tribe from its primary village. The De Soto chroniclers indicate that political provinces were the major political institutions of this area; they were characterized by a paramount chief living in a paramount town, with satellite vassal towns surrounding it. The Parkin phase is a series of twenty-one villages of varying sizes along the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers, most of them roughly 2.5 mi apart from each other. These sites include the Rose Mound, Glover, Neeleys Ferry, and Barton Ranch.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement pattern</h3><br>
<p>During the preceding periods, homesteads and small villages had developed throughout the area, but by this time endemic warfare had forced the populations to consolidate into the palisaded villages. They would leave their villages during the day to farm their fields, collect wood, and hunt, but at night return to the safety of their well-defended villages. The people of the Parkin phase were relatively isolated and protected from people of other phases to their east and southeast by swamps, which the Spanish chroniclers described as some of the worst they had crossed. The swamps acted as buffer zones between the competing, hostile phases.</p><br>
<p>As time went on, the people of the Parkin phase developed a material culture that increasingly diverged from that of the surrounding phases. Among other indicators, this distinction was characterized by changes in pottery designs and mortuary practices. The cultural changes show that the peoples of the Parkin phase were becoming isolated from their neighbors not only culturally but also physically. Motifs on artifacts found at the Parkin phase sites show that the people were part of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, an extensive religious and trade network that brought Mill Creek chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the Parkin phase sites.</p><br>
<h3>Agriculture and food</h3><br>
<p>The people of Parkin were intensely involved in maize agriculture, as well as cultivating other food crops originating in the Americas, such as beans, gourds, squash, and sunflowers. Women managed most of the cultivation and processing, including developing varieties of maize and vegetables. After the harvest, maize was stored in large above ground cribs for consumption during the remainder of the year. The women also gathered wild foodstuffs such as pecans and persimmons.</p><br>
<p>The De Soto chroniclers described the area as being intensely cultivated, and as the most populous they had seen in La Florida. They said there were groves of wild fruit and nut-bearing trees, implying that the Parkin phase peoples must have chosen to retain them while clearing other trees for the cultivation of maize and their other crops. The men hunted such game as whitetail deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, and mallard, as well as fishing for alligator gar, catfish, drum, turtles and mussels. The two rivers and the moat must have been a very productive source of fish, as the De Soto chroniclers often mentioned receiving "gifts of fish" from the residents of Casqui.</p><br>
<h3>Language</h3><br>
<p>The people of Parkin were probably Tunican or Siouan speaking. It is known that the Tunica were in the area at the time of the de Soto Entrada. The related group of phases present in the region may have all been Tunica peoples, with Caddoan speakers to their west and south. By the time of later European contact in the 1670s and the beginning of the historic period, the area was occupied by the Quapaw, who spoke a Dhegiha Siouan language. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to connect pottery styles and words from the de Soto narratives with the Quapaw.</p><br>
<h2>Parkin site 1350&ndash;1650 CE</h2><br>
<p>The site was a 17 acre palisaded village at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers. All other sites of the Parkin phase are located on very fertile soil, but not the Parkin site. The soil is not adequate to support the population level that is thought to have resided at the site. It is believed that the large village was located at the confluence of the two rivers because this allowed the residents to control transportation and trade on the waterways.</p><br>
<p>The site had one large substructure mound and six smaller ones arranged around a central plaza. The largest mound was 21.3 ft tall, with a projecting terrace level that was 5 ft tall. It is located beside the St. Francis River, with the plaza on its other side. The Spanish chroniclers describe the main mound as having a large structure at its summit, which was the residence of the chief, Casqui. The terrace level held the homes and other structures used by his wives and attendants.</p><br>
<p>The other six mounds ranged from 3.2 to 5 ft in height. The plaza would have been used for religious rituals and the playing of games such as chunkey and the ballgame. Surrounding the plaza were numerous well-laid out houses, aligned to the axis of the mound and plaza, demonstrating the planned nature of the site. The villages of this area were described as having few if any trees, probably because wood was the primary source of fuel and building materials. The Spanish camped within a nearby grove of trees to avoid the sweltering heat on the floodplain. Homes were built from wattle and daub, with thatched roofs.</p><br>
<p>The palisade which surrounded the site on three sides was designed for defensive purposes. It had bastions at regular intervals, with archers slots to defend against plundering enemies. Immediately outside the palisade was a large moat, which surrounded the site on three sides and connected to the St. Francis River, which was its fourth side. The area inside the ditch and palisade was 3.2 ft higher than the surrounding land. Although the level of the site may have been raised by the inhabitants, it is more likely that dirt and refuse built up in the confined space and raised its level gradually, similar to a tell in the Middle East.</p><br>
<h3>Pottery</h3><br>
<p>Most pottery found at the Parkin site is of the kind known as Mississippian Plain var. Neeleys Ferry and Barton Incised var. Togo (formerly called Parkin Punctated). Pottery found at Parkin phase sites are usually utilitarian wares rather than the elaborate mortuary types found at the Nodena, Kent or Walls phase burials. The archaeologist Clarence Bloomfield Moore described pottery from St. Francis River sites with adjectives such as "lopsided", "insufficiently fired", "rude and scanty", of "inferior surface" and "great monotony". But elaborate effigy pottery has also been found at these sites, including five human head effigy pots, underwater panther effigies, elaborate fish and dog effigies, and red and white spiral, swastika and stripped bottles. The inclusion of less specifically mortuary wares found in graves seems to be a cultural difference between the Parkin peoples and the peoples of the surrounding phases.</p><br>
<p>The Parkin phase people put a bowl and a bottle into a grave with the bodies, as did the people of the Nodena, Walls, and Kent phases. Pottery made by the Parkin people was built up from strips of clay, and then smoothed out by the potter. This technique was much like that of other pottery in the Eastern America area, where the potters wheel was unknown. Slips using galena for white, hematite for red, and sometimes graphite for black were used to paint the pottery. The effigy head pots give an idea of what the people of the Parkin site may have looked like, as shown by this bust on display at the Parkin site museum.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish artifacts</h3><br>
<p>In 1966, a Spanish trade bead, which matches descriptions of the seven-layer glass beads carried by the expedition, was found at the Parkin site, as well as a brass bell known as a "Clarksdale bell". The bell was associated with a child&#39;s burial, which also contained four pottery items, all known types of Parkin phase pottery. This is one of only a handful of sites in the Southeast where items from the de Soto expedition have been found in a datable archaeological context. In 1977, a large charred posthole was found at the summit of the large substructure mound at the Parkin site. In 2016, a portion of a cypress log, believed to be part of the cross that De Soto erected on the site in 1541, was unearthed. It was still under study in April 2016.</p><br>
<p>Calderwood Dam is a hydroelectric dam located along the Little Tennessee River in Blount and Monroe counties, in the U. S. state of Tennessee. Completed in 1930, the dam is owned and maintained by Tapoco, a subsidiary of the Aluminum Company of America , although the Tennessee Valley Authority  controls the dams reservoir levels from Fontana Dam further upstream. Calderwood Dam is named for Alcoa engineer Isaac Glidden Calderwood , who supervised much of the companys early Little Tennessee River operations.</p><br>
<p>Calderwood Dam was one of four dams&mdash;along with Cheoah, Santeetlah, and Chilhowee&mdash;built in the Little Tennessee Valley by Alcoa in the 20th century to provide electricity to its aluminum smelting operations in Blount County. The dam was one of the last to be completed in the Tennessee River watershed before TVA took control of the watershed in 1933. Alcoa developed the community of Calderwood, Tennessee, just downstream from the dam to house construction and maintenance crews for its Little Tennessee Valley operations. In 1989, Calderwood Dam was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing was expanded in 1990 and again in 2004 to include most of the dam&#39;s substructures.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Calderwood Dam is located approximately 44 mi upstream from the mouth of the Little Tennessee River, which flows westward from North Carolina and empties into the Tennessee River. The area is surrounded by mountains on all sides, with the Great Smoky Mountains rising to the north and the Unicoi Mountains rising to the south. USA Route 129 runs roughly parallel to the Blount County side of the river, providing the only major road access to the Calderwood area.</p><br>
<p>The Calderwood complex graces a horseshoe bend in the river known as "The Narrows." The dam is located along the upstream end of this bend, and the powerhouse, service building, and old Calderwood community (now a recreation area) are located along the downstream end of this bend. The service building, recreation area, and historical community structures are accessible via Housley Road (gated at night), which connects US-129 to Growdon Road at the service building. Growdon Road continues past the service building to the powerhouse, although this section of the road is only publicly open to foot traffic. The Calderwood Overlook, located along US-129 just south of the road&#39;s intersection with Housley Road, provides a sweeping view of the Calderwood Reservoir. A gravel road, also open only to public foot traffic, connects the overlook to Calderwood Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Calderwood Dam is a thin-section concrete structure 232 ft high and 916 ft wide, and has a 24-gate arched-crest spillway. A 40 ft lower-gravity "cushion" dam is located 370 ft downstream from the main dam, creating a pool of water that protects the riverbed. The pool&#39;s effectiveness is enhanced by a deflection unit at the base of the main dam.</p><br>
<p>Calderwood&#39;s powerhouse is located 1.2 mi downstream from the dam, on the opposite side of the horseshoe bend in the river. A submerged intake just upstream from the dam diverts water into a 2,150 ft concrete tunnel, which carries the water to the other side of the peninsula where it spills down three penstocks to a valve house. The penstocks measure approximately 18 ft in diameter, and range in length from 330 ft to 388 ft. The valve house is built of steel-reinforced concrete and is equipped with three Francis turbines. The powerhouse, a larger brick structure adjacent to the valve house, is equipped with three Westinghouse generators with a combined capacity of 140.4 megawatts. The powerhouse complex, located adjacent to a rockslide-prone slope, is protected by a V-shaped reinforced concrete wall.</p><br>
<p>Calderwood&#39;s reservoir covers approximately 570 acre with a drainage area of 1,856 square miles. The elevation of Calderwood Reservoir is 1087.8 feet (USGS), and the reservoir covers an 8 mi stretch of the river. About half of Calderwood Reservoir lies in Tennessee, with the remainder extending into North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Alcoa began developing the Little Tennessee Valley in 1909 to provide the enormous amounts of electricity needed to power to its aluminum smelting operations in Blount County. Superintendent I.G. Calderwood oversaw the extension of a railway line from Chilhowee to what is now Calderwood (railroad bridge support columns are still visible in the river just downstream from the dam). Southern Railway engineers had suggested that the construction of this rail line would take six months, but Calderwood and his team accomplished the task in just six weeks. The first of Alcoas Little Tennessee Valley dams, Cheoah, was completed in 1919, and the second, Santeetlah, was completed in 1928. Preliminary work on Calderwood Dam began in 1918, but test drilling suggested the site might not be satisfactory. Subsequent tests confirmed the sites stability, however, and construction began in 1927. The first two generating units went into operation in 1930, and a third unit was added in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The "cushion pool" design of Calderwood was influenced by natural cascade waterfall formations. The dams arched-crest design may have been influenced by the design of Ocoee Dam No. 1, which was completed in 1911 along the Ocoee River a few miles to the south. Calderwoods use of a conduit tunnel to carry water to a powerhouse further downstream resembles the Great Falls Dam complex, completed in 1916 on the Caney Fork in Middle Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The community of Calderwood, Tennessee, located downstream from the dam and powerhouse, was developed in 1912 to house construction crews for Alcoas Little Tennessee projects. This community was initially known as "Alcoa," but its name was changed to "Calderwood" in 1920 when the company reapplied its name to its main company town north of Maryville. The Calderwood community grew to include nearly two dozen houses, two churches, a school, and a theater, but as construction and maintenance crews were no longer needed, the community was largely abandoned in the 1950s. Its houses were all razed, but the school and theater (now used as storage) were added to Calderwood Dams National Register listing in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Cheoah Dam is a hydroelectric dam located in Graham and Swain counties, North Carolina, on the Little Tennessee River between river miles 51 and 52. The Cheoah Development consists of a dam and powerhouse, the first of several constructed by the Tallassee Power Company , a subsidiary of Aluminum Company of America , in order to generate electricity to smelt aluminum in Alcoa, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Cheoah project began in 1916 as a construction camp at the Narrows, where the Little Tennessee River flowed through a narrow gorge, and it was completed in 1919. Cheoah Dam created the long, narrow Cheoah Reservoir, which covers approximately 644 acres of the normal full pool area and a drainage area of 1,608 square miles. The elevation of Cheoah Reservoir is 1,276.8 ft (USGS). A scenic highway runs the length of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The water inflow for Cheoah, like that of Calderwood and Chilhowee, is primarily dependent on releases from TVA&#39;s Fontana Dam, the primary flow control facility for the lower Little Tennessee River. Tapoco operated the Cheoah Development until 2012, when it was sold to Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners, forming Brookfield Smoky Mountain Hydropower.</p><br>
<p>When completed in 1919, the 225 ft dam was the world&#39;s highest overflow dam. The turbines were the largest in the world, and the 150,000-volt transmission line had the highest voltage and the longest span for a transmission line—5,010 ft across the river below Cheoah Dam. The dam and associated structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The dam was used as a filming location for the 1993 movie The Fugitive, starring Harrison Ford and Tommy Lee Jones.</p><br>
<p>Santeetlah Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Cheoah River  in Graham County, North Carolina. It, a pipeline/tunnel facility, and a powerhouse form the Santeetlah Development. The Santeetlah powerhouse is located on the left bank of the Cheoah Reservoir portion of the Little Tennessee River five miles  upstream of the Cheoah Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Santeetlah Project, which began in 1925, was completed in 1928 by the Tallassee Power Company (now Tapoco).</p><br>
<p>The Santeetlah Dam forms Lake Santeetlah, a reservoir which covers approximately 2,881 acre, normal full pool area, with a drainage area of 176 square miles and stretches to Robbinsville, North Carolina. The reservoir elevation is 1,940.9 ft according to the USGS. The dam is 212 ft high and 1,054 ft long, and was one of the first structures built using vibratory damping to control concrete quality. It has two spillways with a capacity of 50,000 cfs. It is topped by concrete gatehouse which controls water flows into the five mile tunnel running to the Little Tennessee. The project&#39;s major elements were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Water from Santeetlah is piped to the Rhymer&#39;s Ferry generating facility on Cheoah Lake, with any water flowing below the dam coming from downstream tributaries or reservoir overflow.</p><br>
<p>The facility is owned and operated by Tapoco. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) maintains limited control over lake levels, as the piped output from Lake Santeetlah flows into Topocos Santeethlah Power House at Rhymers Ferry upstream from Cheoah Dam and just below Fontana Dam. Overflow travels to the Cheoah River just below the Cheoah Dam.</p><br>
<p>Chilhowee Dam is a hydroelectric dam located in Blount and Monroe counties, Tennessee, United States, between river mile 33 and 34 on the Little Tennessee River. Construction by the Tennessee Valley Authority  began in 1955 and was completed in 1957. The dams reservoir  covers approximately 1,734 acre at normal full pool and has a drainage area of 1,977 square miles. The elevation of Chilhowee Reservoir is 874 ft above mean sea level . Chilhowees powerhouse is equipped with three Kaplan turbines that have a combined generating capacity of 48 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>Like Calderwood and Cheoah, Chilhowee is controlled by Fontana Dam. Fontana Dam is the primary flow control facility for the lower Little Tennessee River. Tapoco built and operates the Chilhowee Development. Chilhowee Dam and its powerhouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Chilhowee Hydroelectric Development. When the lake is drawn down for maintenance, the remains of the original bridge of US 129 over Abrams Creek can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, or Sitka Camp No. 1, is significant for being the original chapter of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, an Alaska-wide Native organization. It is located on the waterfront in Sitka, Alaska, on Katlian Street.</p><br>
<p>The two-story building, built in 1914, is of wood-frame construction, and is about 40 ft wide and 60 ft long. Most of its length extends out over water, supported on pilings. The roof is trimmed at front and back by plain bargeboard with seven unadorned corbel-like supports in the form of triangular struts. Architectural evidence suggests that the building has been altered and enlarged; adding the front quarter of the building and raising the roof to a full two stories probably occurred sometime after its original construction.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is mainly taken up by a large two-story auditorium, with the stage at the rear (over the water). A narrow gallery, accessed by stairs within the auditorium space, wraps around its rear and side walls. The front of the building has a lobby area on the first floor, and office space for the Brotherhood on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka by Tlingit natives in 1912 as a vehicle to fight discrimination against them in restaurants and movie theaters. The organization, which now has a much broader membership across Alaska&#39;s many native groups, has been successful in bringing about significant changes for its members, including securing United States citizenship for Alaska natives and passage of the Alaska Historic Preservation Act.</p><br>
<p>The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Eustatia  is a brick house overlooking the Hudson River in Beacon, New York, United States. Located on Monell Place in the northwestern corner of the city, it is a rare survival in Beacon of a cottage in the High Victorian Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1867 to designs by Frederick Clarke Withers for his friend John J. Monell (after whom todays street is named), a New York state judge. Monell had recently married Caroline DeWindt Downing, widow of his friend the influential Newburgh architect Andrew Jackson Downing, with whom Withers had worked. They built the house on property deeded to them by her father, John Peter DeWindt, near her familys own cottage.</p><br>
<p>As per Witherss specifications, the house is built of red Hudson River brick and light Milwaukee brick for the polychromy. This cream-colored brick he also called for in the construction of his Arcade Building (1871) for Riverside, Illinois, a suburb under development by his once partner Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. Eustatia was notably produced from the office of Vaux, Withers, & Co., the second architectural partnership Withers formed with Vaux; the latters involvement is unclear.</p><br>
<p>Witherss design was heavily influenced by concepts from his mentor Downing, and the house appeared in the 1873 edition of Downings popular Cottage Residences (1842), among many other plans added by George E. Harney. It retains the form and reserve of many of Downing&#39;s designs, but adds the "polychromatic enrichment" of the Ruskinian Gothic style Withers had explored in Beacon beginning in 1859 with its Reformed Church. A garden next to the house planned by Henry Winthrop Sargent has been destroyed, but the interior retains many period details such as a tiled marble entry floor and dark walnut moldings after a fire.</p><br>
<p>Its original form and exterior appearance have remained largely intact since its construction despite subsequent changes in ownership and the addition of modern utilities. In 1979 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house is named for Eustatia Island, a 30-acre island of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in the Caribbean where DeWindt&#39;s family had once lived as Dutch immigrants.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Cathedral  is a cathedral of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Alaska, at Lincoln and Maksoutoff Streets in Sitka, Alaska. The earliest Orthodox cathedral in the New World, it was built in the nineteenth century, when Alaska was under the control of Russia, though this structure burned down in 1966. After 1872, the cathedral came under the control of the Diocese of Alaska. It had been a National Historic Landmark since 1962, notable as an important legacy of Russian influence in North America and Southeast Alaska in particular.</p><br>
<p>An accidental fire destroyed the cathedral during the night of January 2, 1966, but it was subsequently rebuilt. The new building&#39;s green domes and golden crosses are a prominent landmark in Sitka. Some of the icons date to the mid-17th century; two icons are by Vladimir Borovikovsky.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Cathedral is located in the downtown business district in Sitka, on the southwestern coast of Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of Southeastern Alaska. Its surroundings along Lincoln Street and Maksoutoff Street, which ends at the cathedral, have not altered much during the last more than 100 years. while Pioneers Home is to its left. The restored Russian Bishop&#39;s House, home of the first Orthodox Bishop of Alaska, Innocent (Veniaminov), is also nearby, operated by the National Park Service as part of the Sitka National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A chapel was built by an employee of Alexander Baranov, the chief manager of the Russian-American Company, in time to receive icons salvaged from the 1813 wreck of the Neva. In 1808 Baranov had shifted his headquarters of operation in North America from Kodiak to New Archangel (Novo-Arkhangel&#39;sk) in Southeast Alaska, as it had better fortifications. Despite his previous inattention to the church in Kodiak, in his new base of operations he requested a priest and "the finest of church furnishings." In 1816, Fr. Aleksei Sokolov was the first priest to arrive in Sitka from Russia. He brought the festival icon of St. Michael and the silver-plated icon. The older, now dilapidated, church was replaced by a new building in 1834, also dedicated to St. Michael.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was founded and designed by Fr. Innocent Veniaminov, a Siberian-born priest who had worked at Unalaska, Alaska for ten years, where he had designed a two-domed church and also established a school.</p><br>
<p>A Temperance Society and Brotherhood formed within the cathedral was instrumental in maintaining the building during the lean years after the Alaska Purchase. In 1909, the society made a scale-model replica of the cathedral and exhibited it at the Smithsonian exposition in San Francisco. During Russian rule in Alaska, patronage from Russian aristocracy brought in significant artistic treasures, which were mostly retrieved from the fire of January 1966 and are now on display in the new cathedral. A notable gift was the icon of Our Lady of Kazan, also called the Sitka Madonna, from the workers of the Russian-American Company. In 1962, the National Park Service inscribed St. Michael Cathedral as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Original cathedral</h2><br>
<p>The old cathedral, built between 1844 and 1848, remained in good shape with limited modifications for more than one hundred years, until it burned down in January 1966; it had then been the oldest church in Alaska. It had been built with logs of native wood with clapboard siding, domes made of metal and roofs of wood shingle, subsequently changed to asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<p>The royal doors in the center of the Ikonostasis (a wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary) and the chandelier were the most treasured items retrieved and restored in the new cathedral. The silk and brocade vestments were also retrieved.</p><br>
<h2>Present cathedral</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Reconstruction was based on 1961 drawings of the old cathedral by the Historic American Buildings Survey. This facilitated building a replica to the same measurements at the same location, but with modern fireproof material in its construction. The materials used in the construction of the new cathedral consisted of concrete and steel with vinyl siding duplicating the original finish, roof covering of asphalt shingles (bitumen-soaked paper covered with aggregate) and copper for the roofing of the domes. The Cathedral of St. Michael was re-consecrated in 1978 by architect Sergey Padyukov. The old Chapel of St. John the Baptist (The Precursor) was renamed in honor of St. Innocent Veniaminov of Alaska. All of the icons and religious artifacts were donated by wealthy Russians and Imperial government officials in the early 19th century; those saved from the fire were reinstalled in the new cathedral in the same order that had existed in the original building. Its frontage is in the form of a Greek cross with a bell tower, which was "neither Byzantine nor Gothic". Similar churches are stated to exist in St Petersburg, in an architectural style dated to late 18th century and early 19th century. It has two domes and one is above the sanctum of the cross.</p><br>
<p>In plan, the façade and the width of the cathedral are 67 ft, and its length is 96.6 ft. The exterior surface is painted light blue-grey with white border. The western facade houses the bell tower at the center and measures approximately 40 ft. It is in the shape of a cupola. It has eight arched openings, each fitted with a bell. The dome is needle-shaped and has a triple-bar Orthodox cross. The cupola is circumscribed by a balustrade. False windows are designed on the top half of the tower. A round clock with Roman numerals and a pediment is fixed between the two 15-light false windows in the north, south, and west directions. A central double door provides entry into the vestibule or narthex of the cathedral in the lower floor of the bell tower, to the east of which is the nave. The cruciform plan of the cathedral is formed by the exterior walls which are extended arms to the west of the two chapels.</p><br>
<p>The dome is in the shape of an octagon with windows on each side. An onion-shaped dome is built above the structural dome, over an eight-sided cupola. The decorative onion dome is fitted with a three-bar cross at its pinnacle. The cathedral&#39;s apse is at the eastern extremity, with dimensions the same as the exterior walls of the nave. There are two chapels, each of the same dimensions, which are aligned along the north and south sides of the nave. A double door (not in use) provides entry to the chapels. The cathedral has public halls that are well-lit. Lighting is natural from the windows fitted in the dome, and also from two large windows fitted in each chapel. The north and south walls of the nave have windows for lighting. Many false windows are also provided as decorations at the façades.</p><br>
<p>The interior also has a cruciform plan, as in the original cathedral. The walls and ceiling have rough natural-colored sail-cloth covering, as existed in the original cathedral. The western port of the nave has horizontal ceiling of natural-colored sail-cloth, providing access to the center of an open dome enclosing the middle of the naves placed above the Bishop&#39;s Throne. Instead of eight columns as in the original, the new cathedral has only four columns, made of steel and concrete and covered with sail-cloth.</p><br>
<h3>Fittings</h3><br>
<p>The interior decorations and fittings consist of the rich and much valued original collection of Russian religious art that had embellished the earlier cathedral. Two notable icons, both by Borovikovsky, are Our Lady of Sitka (familiarly the "Sitka Madonna") and Christ Pantocrator ("Christ the Judge" or "Christ Omnipotent"). The icon screens that divide the nave and the chapels from the altars are hung on the walls; a raised podium at the center of the nave is the bishops throne, which has a backless cushioned seat, representing the Diocese, and an intricately embroidered carpet or "orlets" used by the bishop while offering divine services. The iconostasis of the main sanctuary, dedicated to the Archangel (or St. Michael), has the deacons doors and royal doors made in the Italian Roccoco design, contrasted to the simple exterior and interior walls. The screen of iconostasis, however, is new, carved out of wood and painted white with gilded border; it is an exact replica made from a small remnant of the original, retrieved from the fire.</p><br>
<p>The icons are of Christ the Savior and the Virgin Mary, made in eighteenth–nineteenth-century style, and are silver-plated. The icon of the Archangel Michael is depicted on the extreme right and of St. Nicholas on extreme left; they are made in silver but gilded. Also seen are icons of the Four Evangelists on the four corners carved in relief on the door. Icons of the Annunciation and the Theotokos (Mother of God) are carved at the center; all the icons are of recent restoration. Paintings of scenes from the Old and New Testaments, in the style of western religious art, decorate the walls of the dome and the chapel. These were gifts from Count Viktor Kochubey and Countess Anna Orlova, who were close to the Tsars Alexander I (1800–1825) and Nicholas I (1825–1855). Apart from all the decorations in the interior, there are five display cases filled with treasures of the cathedral retrieved from the fire; two are in each chapel and one is in the nave.</p><br>
<p>Barboursville is the ruin of the mansion of James Barbour, located in Barboursville, Virginia. He was the former USA Senator, USA Secretary of War, and Virginia Governor. It is now within the property of Barboursville Vineyards. The house was designed by Thomas Jefferson, president of the United States and Barbour&#39;s friend and political ally. The ruin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Original Jeffersonian design</h2><br>
<p>Until it burned on Christmas Day 1884, Barbour&#39;s house stood essentially as completed, c. 1822, from designs by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson designed the house in the then fashionable Neo-Palladian style.</p><br>
<p>Only two one-story side porches appear to have been later additions. Though large in scale, the house contained only eight principal rooms, as the hall, drawing room, and dining room were two-story chambers. The entrance façade featured a projecting Roman Doric tetrastyle portico which covered the recessed front wall of the entrance hall. On the garden front, the walls of the octagonal drawing room projected into a similar portico, as at Monticello.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal dome which Jefferson proposed in his drawing was omitted during construction; it is uncertain whether the Chinese latticework railing which appeared in Jefferson&#39;s drawing around the base of the roof was ever installed. Although the dining room had no chamber over it, Jefferson indicated a faux window on the second floor level in order to keep the garden front symmetrical. This feature was omitted and consequently gave that side of the house an unbalanced appearance. There is little evidence as to the appearance of the original interior architectural trim.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction in fire</h2><br>
<p>During the fire of 1884, everything except the exterior brick walls, the interior masonry partitions, and the columns of the porticoes were destroyed. The ruins have been stabilized and are maintained as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Related buildings</h2><br>
<p>To the north of the house are two service buildings which now serve as an inn for guests of Barboursville Vineyards. It is believed that these structures were built c. 1790 and were lived in by James Barbour until the main house was completed. As they are built on the slope of a hill, they appear as one story on the front with two-story columned galleries on the rear.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Barbour&#39;s estate has been known for its unusually large and fine boxwood, which flourish on the grounds immediately surrounding the main house. A portion of the gardens were once surrounded by a serpentine wall similar to those designed by Thomas Jefferson for the gardens at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Listing on National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Barboursville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1969. Thomas Jeffersons role as architect and the fineness of the design, still visible as a ruin, were the prime factors in the propertys listing. It is included in the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The ruin is within the property owned by Barboursville Vineyards and can be viewed by visitors to the winery. On summer evenings, theatrical and musical productions are presented at the ruin.</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, Berkeley, now also known as Christian Science Society, Berkeley, is a Christian Science church, located at 2619 Dwight Way at Bowditch Street across the street from People&#39;s Park, in Berkeley, in Alameda County, California.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Science Society, Berkeley continues to meet in their over-100-year-old church building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The historic 1910 church was designed by renowned architect Bernard Ralph Maybeck (1862–1957), in a primarily American Craftsman style, with Byzantine Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Gothic Revival style elements. The church is widely considered one of Maybeck&#39;s masterpieces.</p><br>
<p>The basic plan is that of a square or Greek cross, with two pair of great crossed trusses spanning the central space overhead. In 1929 a Sunday School addition was added to the Church.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark</h3><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977, and is on the National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California.</p><br>
<p>In October 2005, the Friends of First Church Berkeley were awarded a prestigious federal Save Americas Treasurers (SAT) Grant, for the roof replacement and seismic strengthening of the 1910 Church and much of the 1929 Sunday School addition. The church received a Getty Architectural Conservation Implementation Grant in 2006, to enable the completion of the seismic strengthening of the Church and Sunday School addition. In 2009 and 2010, the Friends of First Church Berkeley received University of California Berkeley Chancellors Community Partnership Grants for restoring the garden setting of the church.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Burwell House is a historic house museum in Minnetonka, Minnesota, United States, built in 1883. Charles H. Burwell  was the secretary and manager of the Minnetonka Mills Company, the first mill west of Minneapolis, around which grew the first permanent Euro-American settlement in Hennepin County west of Minneapolis. This property on Minnehaha Creek, including the house and two outbuildings, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its Carpenter Gothic/Stick style architecture and association with Minnetonka&#39;s early milling history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles H. Burwell was born in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1838. He moved to Minnesota in 1874 after his first wife died having her second child. He married Mary Carey Durham in 1876 and had 2 children by the names of Louise and Lauring, and the family of 6 took up residence in the Minnetonka Hotel until his house was built in 1883. Charles H. Burwell (1838-1917) became manager of the Minnetonka Mill Company in 1874. In 1876, Charles, a widower with two children, Anna and George, married his second wife, Mary Carey Dunham (1855-1933). They had two children, Lousie (1882-1967), and Loring Dunham Burwell (1884-1928). Mr. Burwell died in 1917, and Mrs. Burwell died in 1933. Louise lived in the home until 1958, when she sold it to the William Smith family, which later on got bought by the city. Burwell took pride in his house, as shown by the number of photos he took and in the lack of exterior modifications through the years.</p><br>
<p>The Minnetonka Mills Company had a short but productive milling career. It produced 300 barrels of flour per day in 1881, but as milling companies in Minneapolis became more powerful, Minnetonka Mills was unable to compete, and it closed down in 1886. Burwell then commuted to Minneapolis where he served as a secretary to businessman and legislator Loren Fletcher. When he died in 1917, Burwell had considerable influence in the community.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The house is now operated by the Minnetonka Historical Society, with guided tours offered during the summer and around Christmas.</p><br>
<p>Butler Square  is a former warehouse and office building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The building is located within the Minneapolis warehouse district and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is significant for its restrained Chicago School design by major Minneapolis architect Harry Wild Jones, and as a leading example of the older warehouse/office buildings in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Jones designed other buildings in Minneapolis such as the Minneapolis Scottish Rite Temple, Calvary Baptist Church, the Lakewood Cemetery Chapel, and the Washburn Park Water Tower.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built as a warehouse for Butler Brothers, a mail-order firm, on the land that formerly housed the Athletic Park baseball stadium. It had rather heavy construction in keeping with its function as a warehouse, featuring thick interior masonry walls with thin, recessed windows topped by corbelled parapets. The interior is built with heavy timber posts and beams, cut from Douglas fir grown near Aitkin, Minnesota. The columns are 24 in wide at the bottom level, gradually diminishing to 9 in wide on the top level. The basement included a horse stable, to accommodate deliveries, and the building had three large coal-fired boilers for heating. Mechanical elevators were used to move goods throughout the building. The building had a rail spur to facilitate boxcar loading. Gradually, as truck transportation became more competitive with rail transportation, the urban location of the building rendered it inefficient as a warehouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 real estate developer Charles Coyer purchased the building with plans to rebuild the east half of the building as an office-retail complex. As part of the renovation, a central atrium in the eastern half of the building was built to allow natural light into the building. This made the retail and office space more marketable, since the large floor space and small windows made it difficult to get enough natural light into the interior. James H. Binger purchased the building in 1979 with similar plans to develop the west half of the building. The atrium on western side was built with more of the heavy timber construction exposed, and more efficient mechanical systems were installed. The renovation of the building has served as a catalyst for additional development and preservation within the Minneapolis Warehouse District.</p><br>
<p>Poydras High School was a school located on Louisiana Highway 1 in the city of New Roads, Louisiana, United States. The building formerly housing the school now houses the local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school came into existence, in the early 19th century, in the form of several public schools in the parish known as "Poydras Schools". They were so named for Julien Poydras, a local planter, statesman, literary figure, and philanthropist, who contributed financially to their creation. At the time, these were the only public schools in Louisiana. These early public schools have caused some academics to refer to Pointe Coupee Parish as "the cradle of Louisiana public education." In 1809, Governor Claiborne wrote "In the Parish of Pointe Coupee provisions have been made for the support of two or more schools, but the other parishes do not seem dissuaded to imitate so worthy an example". In 1811, these public "Poydras Schools" began receiving public funds. In 1829, Poydras founded the first endowed Louisiana college when he bequeathed money for the establishment of a school in New Roads. The school was called Poydras College, and was located three and a half miles south west of New Roads, along False River. In 1861, the song "Maryland, My Maryland" was written by James Ryder Randall, who was at the time employed as an English professor at Poydras College. The college closed in 1861 with the coming of the American Civil War. It reopened in 1873 as Poydras Academy, a Catholic girls&#39; school.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, due to financial issues, Poydras Academy was taken over by the Pointe Coupee Parish School Board. The school was renamed Poydras High School, and in 1924, a new building was constructed with funds bequeathed to the parish by Julien Poydras. This Poydras High School building is located at 460 W. Main Street, in downtown New Roads. It was a high school in the Pointe Coupee Parish Public School system until after the 1980–81 school year, when the high school was closed. This closure left Rosenwald High School as the only public high school in New Roads until it was converted to an elementary school in 1991.</p><br>
<p>After being closed as a high school, the old high school building continued in use as home to Poydras Elementary School until the early 1990s. The building is now the Julien Poydras Museum and Cultural Center, owned by the Pointe Coupée Historical Society. The old building houses office spaces as well as banquet rooms that are available to be rented. The front lawn includes the grave of Julien Poydras as well as a monument in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The Old Campus District, University of South Carolina, is a historic district centered on The Horseshoe on the main campus of the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina. On June 5, 1970, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. On April 19, 1996 MTV Unplugged filmed Hootie & the Blowfish&#39;s concert on The Horseshoe before the release of their second album Fairweather Johnson.</p><br>
<h2>National Registry listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Campus District, University of South Carolina</p><br>
<p>(added 1970 - District - #70000596)</p><br>
<p>Bounded by Pendleton, Sumter, Pickens, and Green(e) Sts., Columbia</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Mills, Robert, et al.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Early Republic</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Education</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1800–1824, 1825–1849, 1850–1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: State (of South Carolina)</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Education, Recreation And Culture</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: College, Monument/Marker (Maxcy Monument)</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Education, Recreation And Culture</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: College, Monument/Marker (Maxcy Monument)</p><br>
<h2>Historic pictorial map</h2><br>
<h2>Notable former residents</h2><br>
<p>James McBride Dabbs</p><br>
<p>The Coalmont Bank Building, also known as Sewanee Fuel & Iron Company Building, is an historic building in Coalmont, Tennessee, United States, that now serves as the city hall and local library.</p><br>
<p>Coalmont was created as a company town in 1903, operated by the Sewanee Coal, Coke and Land Company, which reorganized in 1908 as the Sewanee Fuel and Iron Company. The company built the Coalmont Bank Building in 1921 to house both civic facilities and company offices. A bank and post office were located on the first floor and the company had its offices on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Located on Tennessee State Route 56, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as the Coalmont Bank Building.</p><br>
<p>The William Monroe Trotter House is a historic house at 97 Sawyer Avenue, atop Jones Hill in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston. It was the home of African-American journalist and civil rights activist William Monroe Trotter . He and his wife Geraldine Louise Pindell moved into the two-story wood-frame home when they were married in June 1899. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Trotter, whose activism was influential in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Trotter House is a -story balloon-framed wooden structure, resting on a rubble granite foundation. It is set high on Jones Hill, where Trotter wrote that he could see "from the sitting room window all over the country as far as Blue Hill and from my bed-room window over all the bay down to... Deer Island." A single-story porch extends across the width of the main (southern) facade, with stairs on the left providing access to the entrance. The facade is two bays wide, with the front door in the left bay, and sash windows in the right bay and on the upper level. A pair of smaller gable windows occupy the center of the gable section.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the house has a projecting half-hexagonal bay in its northern extent. The left (west) side of the house is relatively plain, and extends further back than the east side, because of a two-story ell at the rear of the house. The interior stairwell on the left side is illuminated by a square window with colored panes.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for its association with William Monroe Trotter. In 1977, the exterior and the grounds were designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>William Monroe Trotter</h2><br>
<p>William Monroe Trotter was born in Ohio. His father, James Monroe Trotter, was a veteran of the American Civil War, serving in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, and was an activist for African American participation in civil affairs. Trotter graduated high school at the top of an otherwise all-white class, and attended Harvard University, where he graduated in 1895 with honors and was the first African American elected a Phi Beta Kappa. He helped organize the "Boston Literary and Historical Association" in 1901, a forum for militant political thinkers, including W. E. B. Du Bois and Oswald Garrison Villard. The same year, he founded the Boston Guardian, a weekly newspaper in which he regularly criticized educator Booker T. Washington for his accommodationist policies. He was also a founder, along with Du Bois, of the Niagara Movement in 1905—a precursor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was an uncompromising voice in the fight for civil rights, but was notoriously difficult to work with, and played no role in the NAACP after its founding.</p><br>
<p>Trotter purchased 97 Sawyer Avenue in 1899, and moved in with his wife Geraldine. His dedication to the cause of civil rights drained his finances, however, and he eventually lost not just investment properties, but his home as well. After a high-profile meeting with President Woodrow Wilson in 1913 drew news coverage for the heated exchanges between the two men, Trotter became an increasingly marginalized voice of protest, and died in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The Frank B. Kellogg House is a historic house at 633 Fairmount Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with Nobel Peace Prize-winner Frank B. Kellogg, co-author of the Kellogg–Briand Pact. Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul is also named for him. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District.</p><br>
<p>The house is a large -story structure, built mostly out of a variety of stone, including granite, sandstone, and brownstone. The original rectangular block was designed by William H. Willcox and completed in 1890, and exhibits a blend of Queen Anne and Romanesque styling. In 1923 Kellogg added a large addition, designed by Allen H. Stem was constructed on the north-east side of the house, reorienting the front from Fairmount Avenue to Dale Street. This addition was called the "Coolidge Wing", although it is not clear whether it was built before or after President Calvin Coolidge visited Kellogg here in 1923. The house is one of two surviving structures closely associated with Kellogg; the other is in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>From 1889 until his death, this was the permanent residence of Frank B. Kellogg (1856–1937), lawyer, USA Senator, and diplomat. As Secretary of State from 1925 to 1929, he negotiated the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact—for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize—and shifted foreign policy away from interventionism.</p><br>
<p>The F. Scott Fitzgerald House, also known as Summit Terrace, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, is part of a group of rowhouses designed by William H. Willcox and Clarence H. Johnston Sr. The house, at 599 Summit Avenue, is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The design of the houses was described as the "New York Style" in which unit was given a distinctive character found in some rowhouses in eastern cities. Architecture critic Larry Millett describes it as "A brownstone row house that leaves no Victorian style unaccounted for, although the general flavor is Romanesque Revival." The Fitzgerald house is faced with brownstone and is two bays wide with a polygonal two-story window bay on the right, and the entrance, recessed under a round arch that is flush with the bay front, on the left. The mansard roof has a cross-gable with two round-arch windows and decorative finials.</p><br>
<p>Fitzgerald&#39;s parents, Edward and Mollie, moved back to St. Paul in 1914 while F. Scott Fitzgerald was a student at Princeton University. They lived in the unit at 593 Summit Avenue for a while, then moved to the 599 Summit Avenue unit in 1918. In July and August 1919, Fitzgerald rewrote the manuscript that became his first novel, This Side of Paradise. He lived here until January 1920, writing short stories, and then moved to New Orleans. Of the several places the Fitzgeralds lived, this one is most closely associated with his literary fame, and typifies the environments of some of his later works.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District, listed in 1976.</p><br>
<p>F. Scott Fitzgerald was noted for disliking Summit Avenue, stating that Summit Avenue is “a mausoleum of American architectural monstrosities.”</p><br>
<p>Victoria Mansion, also known as the Morse-Libby House or Morse-Libby Mansion, is a historic house in downtown Portland, Maine, United States.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>This stately brownstone Italianate villa was completed in 1860 as a summer home for hotelier Ruggles Sylvester Morse. The house was designed by the New Haven architect Henry Austin. Its distinctive asymmetric form includes a four-story tower, overhanging eaves, verandas, and ornate windows. The frescoes and trompe-l&#39;œil wall decorations were created by the artist and decorator Giuseppe Guidicini.</p><br>
<p>The building is recognized as one of the finest, and least-altered examples of a large Italianate brick/brownstone home in the United States. Gustave Herter created the interiors in a range of styles, and this house is his earliest known and only intact commission. Due to donations by the Libby family, 97 percent of the original contents survive, including Herter furniture, elaborate wall paintings, artworks, carpets, gas lighting fixtures, stained glass, porcelain, silver, and glassware.</p><br>
<p>The house has twin sinks in the guest bedroom on the second floor; a Turkish smoking room, which is one of the first example of Islamic architecture in the United States; carved marble fireplaces; and a flying staircase. When designing the home, Morse incorporated features from his luxury hotels, including the large and tall entryway, and wall-to-wall carpeting. The house used some of the latest technologies of the era (some of which he also took from his hotels), such as central heating, gas lighting, hot and cold running water, and a servant call system. As part of a new and unique design, the water for the house was provided by gutters in the tower and third floor, which ran down through pipes into all the rooms, with separate pipes for heated water, which was heated using coal, and another for cold water.</p><br>
<p>Morse lived in the house until his death in 1893. A year later, the house and its contents were sold by his wife to Joseph Ralph Libby, a Portland merchant and department store owner. The Libby family occupied the house for over 30 more years, until 1928, without making significant changes to it. However, one significant change made was the repainting of the green room in white, which restorationists were unable to restore once it became a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The last of the Libbys moved out of the home in 1928. Due in part to the Great Depression a year later, the home was repossessed in 1939 due to back taxes soon after the 1938 Portland flood. After this, the house became abandoned and its fate was uncertain. There were plans by an oil company to buy the dilapidated home, and then demolish it to build a gas station. However, it was saved by William H. Holmes who bought the house in order to preserve it as a museum. In 1941, Holmes opened the house as the Victoria Mansion (named for Britain&#39;s Queen Victoria), later being added to the National Historic Register, and continues to be open as a museum every day from 10am-3:45pm.</p><br>
